The Goals Of Love And Romantic Relationships - 989 Words

In a disquieting chapter on â€Å"Love and Romantic Relationships,† Kenrick, Neuberg, Cialdini (2015) list the goals of love and romantic relationships as 1) obtaining â€Å"sexual gratification†, 2) establishing â€Å"a family bond†, and 3) â€Å"gaining resources and social status† (p. 246). The authors use the â€Å"unconventional† (p. 273) relationship of Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo as a â€Å"positive† (p. 273) example of a love relationship. Numerous questions and philosophical issues may be raised by the authors perspective. One of which is that the goals listed above seem to be self-focused. Are love and romantic relationships truly about having one’s own needs met? Questions like this can best be answered by understanding the difference between selfishness, selflessness, and altruism. In a PowerPoint presentation (2010), Kenrick, Neuberg, Cialdini define pure altruism as, â€Å"behavior that benefits another intentionally for no external or internal reward† (slide 66). Neel Burton M.D. (2016) further clarifies, An act should not be written off as selfish or self-motivated simply because it includes some inevitable element of self-interest [or reward]. The act can still be counted as altruistic if the ‘selfish’ element is accidental; or, if not accidental, then secondary; or, if neither accidental nor secondary, then undetermining†¦ [This is the] very heart of ancient virtue, which can be defined as the perfection of our nature through the triumph of reason over passion. The truly altruistic actShow MoreRelated`` Friends With Benefits `` Vs. `` Blended `` : Romantic Comedies892 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Blended†: Romantic Comedies Several people believe women prefer romantic comedies, than action movies, but I could not find statistical researches about the topic. The truth is that the majority of my girlfriends voted for romantic comedies, because these movies invigorate love, trust, inspiration, and above all, happiness instead of sadness. Romantic movies are classic, kissing, love at first sight, heartbreaking love; however, romantic comedies added the art of laughter, transforming romantic moviesRead More The Idea Of Romantic Love Essay1200 Words   |  5 Pages We are brought up on romantic love. Is this true in your experience? If so write a paper on which you first define this amorphous concept and then discuss how you came about it. For eg. Have you been influenced by media, T.V., movies in particular. Conclude by stating whether you believe in romantic love or have cast of the idea. â€Å"I don’t care what you think, when he comes I’ll leave and won’t even turn back and look at you, he’ll love me, he won’t be like you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Words spoken by me when I was barelyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Blood Red Road 1044 Words   |  5 PagesSaba’s True Goal Romance can be a part of someone’s life, but it isn’t always the main focus. In the article â€Å"I Can’t Think About Kissing: Strong Female Protagonists and Romance in Dystopian Young Adult Fiction†, university student Mollie Hall discusses romance in dystopian novels: â€Å"Romance is pursued, but it is a side pursuit in the female protagonist’s journey instead of the goal.† (Hall 5). This statement is true in the novel Blood Red Road by Moira Young. Saba is a girl with a plan, who hasRead MoreBiological Factors of Human Relationships1057 Words   |  5 Pagesof relationships- whether it is romantic, friendly or family related. Many researchers have conducted studies in which they have attempted to try and explain the link between biological factors and human relationships. I am going to specifically focus on Bowlby’s study on the role of hormones in bonding, Buss’ study on women jealousy and its relation to estrogen level s, Fishers study on the brain and its role in romantic relationships, and Marazziti who studied the effect of serotonin on love obsessionRead MoreRomeo and Juliet Themes: Love889 Words   |  4 Pageshuge part of our culture today. The story of two star-crossed lovers, separated by an age-old family feud, which is eventually ended by the death of both Romeo and Juliet, is deeply embedded in our cultural psyche. It is an allegory, a story of true love and sacrifice, that continues to resonate throughout modern time. There is a great deal of social stigma attached to the story. People are very critical of Romeo and Juliet’s decisions. Also, people are inspired, interested, and influenced byRead More John Irving’s The Cider House Rules Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pageswithout love, happiness is impossible. Webester’s Dictionary defines happiness as, â€Å" a state of well being or contentment.† Three types of love which are necessary for contentment a re; familial love, romantic love and friendship. In John Irving’s, The Cider House Rules, Melony’s bitterness prevents her from developing these forms of love vital for true happiness. Her hostility towards others prevents her from developing familial love. Intense animosity and contempt ruin Melony’s romantic relationshipsRead Morelove952 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom interpersonal affection (I love my mother) to pleasure (I loved that meal). It can refer to an emotion of a strong attraction and personal attachment.[1] It can also be a virtue representing human kindness, compassion, and affection—the unselfish loyal and benevolent concern for the good of another.[2] It may also describe compassionate and affectionate actions towards other humans, one s self or animals.[3] Ancient Greeks identified four forms of love: kinship or familiarity (in GreekRead MoreRomeo And Juliet As A Romance Or Romance1260 Words   |  6 PagesIn Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, Shakespeare takes a romantic story of two star-crossed lovers, willing to go to the end of the Earth for each other, and turns their tale into one of the greatest tragedies of the modern era, filled with despair, devastation, and death. Whether Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy or romance is a disputed topic amongst historians and critics because there is evidence that suggests the play falls into both genres. Romeo and Juliet can be viewed as a tragedy becauseRead MoreAnalysis Of My Life With The Wave 1497 Words   |  6 Pageswater as an extended metaphor for dysfunctional, emotional changes that occur in romantic relationships, and, more specifically, in women. The wave is personified through female characterization to highlight the uncooperative nature of women in romantic relationships. The various transformations for water act as a metaphor for various transformations in a dysfunctional romantic relationship. The water is also symbolic of love in that it goes on forever and is often inescapable. Paz effectively appliesRead More`` New Love : A Short Shelf Life, By Sonja Lyubomirsky949 Words   |  4 PagesMost people believe that love is the base of a blissful marriage, but marriage carries a bigger responsibility than just the happiness of two people. When a couple is united together under the contract of marriage, both partners have their duties in the relationship. They must share each other’s burden regarding to financial stability, caring for the children, and other factors in order to create a lasting marriage. To fall in love is a natural right that all human beings should have. But that choice

Achieving the American Dream in Death of a Salesman by...

Achieving the American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Willy Loman is a man on a mission. His purpose in life is to achieve a false sense of the American Dream, but is this what Willy Loman really wants? In Death of a Salesman, Arthur Miller analyzes the American Dream by portraying to us a few days in the life of a washed up salesman named Willy Loman. The American Dream is a definite goal of many people, meaning something different to everyone. Willys version is different from most people though; his is based more on being well-liked and achieving monetary successes rather than achieving something that will make him happy. Willy never becomes part of the American Dream because he never follows his true dreams and†¦show more content†¦If people work their entire lives to achieve something that they can enjoy at the end of their life, they will miss the entire journey in between. The American Dream is the basis of American culture although some ideals at the heart of it seem incorrect. Willy Lomans dream is an adaptation of the American Dream. Willy believes that the only things that are important in life are the successes that he achieved and the amount of friends that he made. This is easily illustrated when Willy says Its who you know and the smile on your face! ... and thats the wonder, the wonder of this country, that a man can end with diamonds here on the basis of being liked! (Movie). Success is an important part of the American dream, but Willy puts too much importance on the need to achieve success. He neglects the needs of his family and chooses to remain in the mindset that as long as he is well liked he will achieve success. Although he has lost his ability to sell, Willy continues to believe that as long as he works hard good things will happen to him and his family. Willys wife Linda realizes this and conveys these thoughts to her sons when she says He drives seven hundred miles, and when he gets there no one knows him anymore†¦ what goes throu gh a mans mind, driving seven hundred miles home without earning a cent? (Movie). Willy has delusional ideas about the American Dream. Even in the end Willy still believes that the only thing Biff needs to be successful is someShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman 1136 Words   |  5 PagesGarett Miller Mr. James Mahle THE2000 2 August 2, 2016 Arthur Miller’s Impact Arthur Miller was born in 1915, and he died in 2005. He is possibly the most well-known and influential American playwright. He grew up during the Great Depression, so many of his plays deal with the American middleclass lifestyle. His two most influential works are Death of a Salesman and The Crucible. Death of a Salesman is about the tragic white collar worker, Willy Loman, while The Crucible is about the Salem witchRead More A Comparison of the Dream in Death of a Salesman, Ellis Island, and America and I1328 Words   |  6 PagesThe Dream in Death of a Salesman, Ellis Island, and America and I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The American dream is as varied as the people who populate America. The play The Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, the poem Ellis Island by Joseph Bruchac, and the poem America and I by Anzia Yezierska illustrate different perspectives of the American dream. All three authors show some lines of thought on what the freedom inherent in the American dream means. The authors clarify distinct ideas on the meansRead MoreComparing Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and Fences by August Wilson 1403 Words   |  6 PagesFences written by August Wilson and Death of a Salesman written by Arthur Miller are two plays that could be considered very different in terms of their plot. The plots of both plays contain two very different cultural backgrounds which affects each protagonist differently. If the reader or audience looks past the plot into the theme and symbolisms used they can see that the plays are more similar than they are different. In spite of the differ ent cultural backgrounds of each protagonist they bothRead More The American Dream Conspiracy in Death of a Salesman Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesArthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman tells the story of the failure of a salesman, Willy Loman. Although not all Americans are salesmen, most of us share Willy’s dream of success. We are all partners in the American Dream and parties to the conspiracy of silence surrounding the fact that failures must outnumber successes.(Samantaray, 2014) Miller amalgamates the archetypal tragic hero with the mundane American citizen. The result is the anti-hero, Willy Loman. He is a simple salesman who constantlyRead MoreThe Internal and External Conflicts of Willy Loman Essay1190 Words   |  5 Pagesinternal and external conflicts throughout literature. Going in depth to a character allows the reader to better understand that character’s internal and external conflicts. Arthur Miller uses this technique in several of his plays, including Death of a Salesman. Miller portrays the character of Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman through his internal and external conflicts. The internal conflict begins with Willy’s expectations for his sons and The Woman. Willy struggles throughout the play withRead MoreThe False Hope of the American Dream in Death of a Salesman1508 Words   |  7 PagesThe False Hope of the American Dream in Death of a Salesman The American Dream is something every American family strives to achieve some families push too hard to get to the place where they feel that they have achieved this dream; this is the case in the life of the Lomen family. The Lomen’s are the typical American family in the 1940’s. Willy and his wife Linda are a middle class family with two sons named Biff and Happy. Willy is an ageing traveling salesman that is struggling toRead MoreEssay about A Shattered Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller2640 Words   |  11 PagesA Shattered Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Death of a Salesman tells the story of a man confronting failure in the success-driven society of America and shows the tragic path, which eventually leads to Willy Lomans suicide. Death of a Salesman?is?a search for identity, [Willy?s] attempt to be a man according to the frontier tradition in which he was raised, and a failure to achieve that identity because in [1942] and in [Brooklyn] that identity cannot be achieved. (GrossRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1628 Words   |  7 PagesArthur Miller wrote the Pulitzer Prize winning play Death of a Salesman in 1949. The play inflated the myth of the American Dream of prosperity and recognition, that hard work and integrity brings, but the play compels the world to see the ugly truth that capitalism and the materialistic world distort honesty and moral ethics. The play is a guide toward contemporary themes foreseen of the twentieth century, which are veiled with greed, power, and betrayal. Miller’s influence with the play spreadRead MoreFailure Of The American Dream In The Writings Of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Zora Neale Hurston, And August Wilson1418 Words   |  6 Pageswill define the failure of the †American Dream† in the writings of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Arthur Miller, Zora Neale Hurston, and August Wilson. Fitzgerald’s account of the Jay Gatsby s rise to fame in the 1920s defines the failure of financial success as part of the American Dream. Gatsby will eventually die due to his excessive greed, which is not unlike the emotional death of Willy Loman as he fails to become a successful salesman in Author Miller’s Death of a Salesman. More so, Hurston’s depictionRead MoreCharacteristics Of Willy Loman A Tragic Hero834 Words   |  4 PagesWilly Loman a Tragic Hero? Death Of a Salesman is a 1949 play written by american playwright Arthur Miller. It is a breathtaking play about Willy Loman, a salesman, trying to chase a dream that died long ago. It expresses how the old man’s life comes crumbling down with his last few attempts to make some of his dream reality and help his family in debt. Now people are debating weather Willy loman fits the right characteristics to be classified as a tragic hero. A tragic hero is someone who makes

Marx s Theory Of Socialism - 987 Words

Karl Marx was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist and revolutionary socialist. Marx defined capital as a social, economic relation between people. In many of his writings, Marx had implied that revolutions within the proletarian society would be inevitable and the proletariat would become the ruling class all over the world (Kreis, S 2000) Marx proposed this theory of revolution based on Hegelian concepts of the dialectic. The philosophical and ideological aims put forward were to bring about his version of socialism, known as communism. During the winter of 1857 Marx produced an outline of his critique of the political economy in an unfinished manuscript called The Grundrisse (Fowkes, B 1997). Marx believed that deficiencies in the economy and social injustices inherent to capitalism would ultimately lead to the breakdown of capitalist societies. He predicted that this breakdown of the capitalist societies would ultimately give rise to communism. For Marx, identifying the fundamental contradictions of the capitalist system of production was the first step in hastening the downfall of what he saw as an unstable, unfair social system. Marx referred to the relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat to one of inevitable conflict, in that the proletariat is systematically exploited under capitalism. Marx believed that labour is the only real source of wealth. Capital itself; land factories, ports, railroads, etc.; represents simply stored labour,Show MoreRelatedModern Political Ideas and Doctrines Essay1670 Words   |  7 PagesModern Political Ideas and Doctrines a) How did Marx conceive the transition from capitalism to communism? Karl Marx is considered to be a historian, a philosopher, a political thinker, and an economist amongst other things. There is a standard misconception that Marx had no idea of economics, by contrast he was quite the economist, and was able to layout the transition of capitalism to communism in a very logical and understanding way. The transition of capitalismRead MoreManifesto Of The Communist Party920 Words   |  4 Pagesdrafted as, â€Å"Manifesto of the Communist Party†, is a pamphlet written by Karl Marx, that in essence reflects an attempt to explain the goals and objectives of Communism, while also explaining the concrete theories about the nature of society in relation to the political ideology. The Communist Manifesto breaks down the relationship of socio-economic classes and specifically identifies the friction between those classes. Karl Marx essentially presents a well analyzed understanding of class struggles andRead MoreDialectical Journal Michael Chang The Communist Manifesto 1422 Words   |  6 Pages Dialectical Journal Michael Chang The Communist Manifesto by. Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels Text Date Response The Manifesto begins with Marx quoting, the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Marx describes these classes as two entities; The bourgeoisie as the rich capitalists, and the proletariats, who were the working class. In societies of past, the oppressor and oppressed are in constant opposition to each other. This fight can be obvious or sublimeRead MoreThe Many Faces Of Socialism1314 Words   |  6 PagesThe Many Faces of Socialism Socialism has worn many faces throughout history, some good and helpful, others harsh and controlling. Socialism has been an important political and economic idea since the early eighteenth century; It has gained popularity from the underlying idea that the government, market, and social systems should benefit the people not large corporations. Socialism is the idea that a state s economy and society should be run democratically and should meet the needs ofRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto By Bertell Ollman953 Words   |  4 PagesAfter reading the Communist Manifesto, I was deeply thinking of how Marxism theory be applied in contemporary society and how much benefit it brings to this developing modern world. What will things be look like after the revolution could be a questions often put to Marxists. But the answers are frequently unclear and vague. Since socialism emerges out of capitalism as a result of a successful struggle against it by the working class, the specific measures introduced by the revolutionary socialistRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto Marx And Engels855 Words   |  4 PagesFor Karl Marx, the analysis of social class, class structures and changes in those structures are key to understanding capitalism and other social systems or modes of production. In the Communist Manifesto Marx and Engels comment that the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Analysis of class divisions and struggles is especially important in developing an understanding of the nature of capitalism. For Marx, classes are defined and structured by the relationsRead MoreKarl Marx And The German Political System1427 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx was born on May 5th 1818 in Trier, Germany, which was then known as the Kingdom of Prussia. Karl was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His work in economics laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labor and it’s relation to capital, and subsequent economic thought. He was born into a wealthy upper middle-class family. He attended school at the University of Bonn and later he studied law and philosophy at the University of BerlinRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto And Das Kapital1507 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx A German philosopher, economist, journalist and revolutionary scientist, Marx was best known for his work in economics. He laid the foundations for today s theories of labor and capital. The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital were among the most famous of his published works. Born to a middle-class family in Trier, Prussia in 1818, his parents were Jewish, but converted to Christianity in 1816 due to strict anti- Jewish laws. He was baptized as a Christian at the age of six but laterRead MoreThe Debate Between Capitalism And Socialism1580 Words   |  7 PagesCapitalism and Socialism, it is necessary to understand what the differences, advantages, and disadvantages are of both systems. In the dictionary it states capitalism is an economic and political system in which a country s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. Socialism is a social and economic system characterized by social ownership of the means of production and co-opera tive management of the economy, as well as a political theory and movementRead MoreSocialism And Its Nature Of Supporting Economic And Social Equality1508 Words   |  7 Pagesthinking is necessary in societal progress, which the socialist ideology highlights and embodies. Socialism is a justifiable and critical ideology because it supports an environment of equality, encourages revolution, and occasionally strives for utopia. The first important aspect of Socialism is its nature of supporting economic and social equality. In order to understand this feature of socialism, one must grasp the importance and benefit of equality to a society. Albert Fried summarizes

Company Illegal Acts and Negligence †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Company Illegal Acts and Negligence. Answer: Introduction: There are various cases where the members of a company held liable for certain illegal acts including negligence. The dispute arise when it becomes hard to proof whether the offender himself will be liable for the wrongful acts or whether the whole company will held liable for that. The court has, for the first time, in the case of Salomon v Salomon decided that the company is a separate legal personality and it will not held liable for the negligent or wrongful acts of the members. In Australia, offence relating to negligence is fall within the scope of Tort law and in case where the members of a company are engaged in any negligent act, it will fall under the provisions of the Corporate Tort. An act can be called as negligent act if the wrongdoer has failed to show reasonable care during the course of their employment. The Corporation Act has imposed certain duties on the directors so that they can perform their acts carefully. According to section 180 of the Act, the directors are required to act in good faith while doing their business. It is not required to involve in any wrongful gain during the course of their business. In case of ASIC v Adler (2002) 168 FLR 253 the court has observed that if the directors are negligently using their position and act for certain illegal way, they will be held liable for that. In Australia, many cases are pending before the Court regarding the wrongful acts of the directors and many times, it can be observed that certain directors are also the shareholders of the company. The case of the Cassimetes (2012) is an ideal example regarding the same. In this case, it has been observed that the directors of the company had failed to show sufficient care to the investors and the investors had to face lots of trouble for that. When they are interrogated by the court, they took the plea that they are also the shareholders of the business and they had to face troubles too. The court has rightly observed in that case that it is the duty of the director to take all the reasonable care for securing the interest of the shareholders and in this case, they have failed to comply with the same. Therefore, the directors could not take the plea that they have shares in this case. According to the provisions of the Corporation Act, the provisions of the section 180 to section 1 83 are applicable to all the directors. It has further been stated that in case the directors could not meet the requirements and even unable to satisfy the provision mentioned under section 180(2) of the Act, they have to face civil and criminal penalties. The civil penalty provision has been comprised in section 1317E of the Corporation Act. Criminal penalty provision has been engraved under section 183 of the Corporation Act. In the case of Kramer v Kramer (1979), it has been held that the directors have certain fiduciary duties and they have to perform it diligently. In case they have failed to do so, they will be held guilty for it. The acts and duties of the directors are governed by the Corporation Act and according to section 1317E of the Act, if the directors have failed to perform their duties, they will have to face penalties for that. However, it is to be noted that the act of negligence is civil in nature and therefore, if the directors are held liable for any negligent act, they will have to face civil penalties that are laid down in section 1317E of the Act. In the case of Turquand v Marshall (1869) LR 4, it has been observed, being a director of a company, they play important role and considering the potentialities of the directors, it has been observed that the directors must not misuse their position. If they held liable for misusing their position, they will make a breach of their duty. According to the Tort Law of Australia, breach of duty comes under the provisions of the negligence. However, according to the law of Australia, the negligent must be gross in nature and mere negligence will not attract the provision of the Tort Law. By gross negligence it can be stated certain situation where the company or any shareholders has to suffer lot of problem. There are certain cases where the acts of the directors are directly linked with the company and if the acts of the directors are performed for the benefits of the company, the whole company will be held liable for that. The concept of separate identity of a company has separated its liabilities from its members. However, a company can vicariously be liable for the wrongful acts of its employees. According to the law, directors are the minds of the company and without them; companies could not perform its job officially. Therefore, where the directors are involving in any wrongful acts for securing the interest of the company, the company will be held liable for such crime. This principle is known as corporate liability. The term vicarious liability is depended on the master servant principle where it has been observed that the master will be liable for the wrongful acts of the servant if the wrong has been done due the course of their employment. This term has been applied in case of Tort Law. Crime means where the intention and act of the accused are illegal. It has been observed in Tesco Supermarket Ltd v Nattrass [1972] AC 153 that both the knowledge and state of mind are essential for proving th e criminal activities of a company. In Ferguson v Wilson (1866) LR 2 Ch App 77, the court states that a company can be held liable for criminal breach of contract. Every company is required to perform their work safely and the company should follow the provisions of the Occupational Health and Safety Act. If a company has to make profit and incorporate for certain illegal acts, the company will be held liable for the same. The liability of a company can be divided into two parts: primary and secondary. When the company itself does a wrong act, it will be regarded as primary liability and when the agent or an employee does a wrongful act, it will be regarded as secondary liability. The primary liability of the company has been established in the case of Lennards Carrying Co. Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd [1915] AC 705. The directors are regarded as the mind of the company and therefore, if they act to gain illegal profit for the company, the company will be held liable. In the case of Bolton Engineering Co, Ltd v T J Graham Sons Ltd [1957] 1 QB 159, it has been held that if an agent of a company held liable for any criminal activities and if o utcome of the act is attached with the interest of the company; the company will be held liable for such criminal acts under the principle of vicarious liability. In Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 21, it has been observed by the court that the agent of the company was held liable for the negligent act and that causes injury to the plaintiff. According to the court, as the injury has been made during the course of work and the alleged agent was served for the company, the company will be held liable under the principle of vicarious liability. In case of Securities of Australia Pty Ltd v Clinton Joseph Brilly [2008] NSWCA 204, it has been observed by the court that if a company has been incorporated with certain fraudulent purpose, the corporation will be held liable and the veil will be pierced automatically. In S Y Pty Ltd v Commercial Union Assurance Co. (1986) 82 FLR 130, the court has observed that if the directing mind of a company is accused of murder during the course of his employment, the company will be held liable for the same. However, a company will not held liable if the directing minds of the company has done certain illeg al acts against the interest of the company and it has been observed in the case of R v Gomez [1993] AC 442. The direct liability of a company has been established in Hamilton v Whitehead (1988) 166 CLR 121. It has been held in R v Australasian Films Ltd (1921) 29 CLR 195 that if an agent of a company attempted to defraud the revenue at the time of his work or employment, the company will be held liable for the crime until the fraud has been made for the interest of the company. If the fraud has been made for any personal interest of the agent, company will not be liable for the offence. The company can be held liable under the Criminal Code Act 1995 if any act of the company come under the provision of chapter 2 of the Code. Reference: ASIC v Adler (2002) 168 FLR 253 Australia Pty Ltd v Clinton Joseph Brilly [2008] NSWCA 204 Bolton Engineering Co, Ltd v T J Graham Sons Ltd [1957] 1 QB 159 Ferguson v Wilson (1866) LR 2 Ch App 77 Hamilton v Whitehead (1988) 166 CLR 121 Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 21 Lennards Carrying Co. Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd [1915] AC 705 R v Australasian Films Ltd (1921) 29 CLR 195 R v Gomez [1993] AC 442 S Y Pty Ltd v Commercial Union Assurance Co. (1986) 82 FLR 130 Tesco Supermarket Ltd v Nattrass [1972] AC 153 Turquand v Marshall (1869) LR 4

Strategic Purchasing free essay sample

Sustainable business growth and practices are taking a forward leap in to the globe. Almost every business now is planning to have a value chain through out their business. Strategic Purchasing is the key element to a sustainable growth of the business along the competitive edge. This study shows the importance of the Kraljic portfolio model that is to be put in to the actual usage, which would yield benefits of purchasing sophistication in terms of positioning and professionalism. Results showed that both positioning and professionalism are positively related to the greater usage of the model. Based on the analysis of a Dutch chemical company, the immense use of the portfolio model has been described and explored in strategic purchasing. The results have proved that when the model is tailored and elaborated it brings about an effective guidance in purchasing and supplier strategies. The case study also lists out the supplier strategies that are feasible. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Purchasing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus it supports the fact by using the kraljic model that purchasing function does play a vital role and enable organizations to gain competitive advantage The Initial objective of strategic purchasing to procure materials amp; equipment’s, from the right origin, with the right quantity and of the right quality, through right time and cost (peter 1993). Strategic purchasing does play a vital role in an organization. To have a successful business venture purchasing has to be the core element responsible for a product’s quality, acceptability, price and reliability. Procurement system solely depends on the choice of suppliers, to ensure the delivery under any circumstances (John, Marton 2006). In few cases, DSM is locked in the partnering relationship due to necessity, might be cause of situations like monopolistic market. The only solution to this would be finding alternative suppliers through proper new development of suppliers. This solution will not be obtainable when the scenario is due to patents, another situation would be when the supplier does not want to involve really in co – development (Van Weele 2006). There is more likely for the partnership to change into the indolent and chances of being more relaxed in the relationship. Strategic partners should always be a supplier of world class. World-class suppliers are high performing, alert at all times and technically sound through sense of economy. This clearly depicts that strategic patterns will meet the benchmark externally with more satisfactory performance of price (Van Weele 2006). Decomplexing strategy and supplier development (2) must be pursed when the situation turns vice versa, that is when the partnerships show under achieving performance or patterns. Less complexity products when made, leads to alternative solutions within reach. Effectively, DSM wants itself always to be less dependent on non dependable and under achieving suppliers (Van Weele 2006). Importance of kraljic portfolio model is clearly understood when it is actually put into use and customizing of the same would enhance the solving capability of the strategic issues that are at hand. The portfolio model provides guidelines for a better supplier and purchasing strategies. This case study clearly suggests us the importance of placing commodities at different quadrants of the matrix to help in development of the purchasing strategies (Van Weele 2006).

The Chemistry of Baking Cookies

The Chemistry of Baking Cookies Baking cookies seems simple, especially if you cook pre-made cookie dough, but its really a set of chemical reactions. If your cookies never turn out perfect, understanding their chemistry may help improve your technique. Follow this classic chocolate chip cookie recipe and learn about the ingredients and the reactions that occur throughout the mixing and baking process. Chocolate Chip Cookie Recipe 3/4 cup granulated sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11)3/4 cup brown sugar (caramelized sucrose)1 cup unsalted butter (a fat)1 large egg (consists of water, protein, fat, emulsifier, and albumin)1 teaspoon vanilla extract (for flavor)2-1/4 cups all-purpose flour (contains gluten)1 teaspoon baking soda (sodium bicarbonate,  NaHCO3, which is a weak base)1/2 teaspoon salt (NaCl)2 cups semi-sweet chocolate chips Youll get the best results if you use room temperature eggs and butter. This helps the ingredients mix into the recipe more evenly and means your cookie dough will be room temperature and not cool when you put the cookies in the oven. The fat in the recipe affects the texture of the cookies and browns them, which influences flavor as well as color. Substituting a different fat in place of butter affects the flavor of the cookies and also the texture since other fats (lard, vegetable oil, margarine, etc.) have a different melting point from butter. If you use salted butter, its usually best to reduce the amount of added salt.Preheat oven to 375 degrees Fahrenheit. Its important to preheat the oven because if you put the cookies in the oven and the temperature is too low, the dough can spread rather than firm up. This affects the thickness of the cookie, its texture, and how evenly it browns.Mix together the sugar, brown sugar, butter, vanilla, and eggs. Mostly, this is to blend the in gredients so the composition of the cookies will be uniform. For the most part, no chemical reaction occurs at this point. Mixing the sugars with the eggs dissolves some of the sugar in the water from the eggs, so the crystals wont be as large in the cookies. Brown sugar adds caramelized sugar flavor to the cookies. While it doesnt matter what color of eggs you use (white or brown), the size matters, just like measuring all of the other ingredients! If you substitute an egg from a different bird than a chicken, the recipe will work, but the flavor will be different. You dont want to over-mix the ingredients because beating eggs for too long affects the protein molecules in the egg white. Real vanilla and imitation vanilla (vanillin) contain the same flavor molecule, but real vanilla extract has a more complex flavor because of other molecules from the plant. Mix in the flour (a little at a time), baking soda, and salt. You can sift the ingredients together to make sure they are evenly distributed, but sprinkling the salt and baking soda onto the mixture works too. The flour contains gluten, the protein that holds the cookies together, makes them a bit chewy and gives them their substance. Cake flour, bread flour, and self-rising flour could be substituted for all-purpose flour in a pinch, but arent ideal. The cake flour might produce fragile cookies with a finer crumb; the bread flour contains more gluten and could make the cookies tough or too chewy, and the self-rising flour already contains leavening agents that would make the cookies rise.  The baking soda is the ingredient that makes cookies rise. The salt is a flavoring, but also controls the rising of the cookies.Stir in the chocolate chips. This last to ensure the other ingredients are properly mixed and to avoid smashing the chips. The chocolate chips are flavoring. Dont like semi-sweet? Switch it out! Drop rounded teaspoons of the dough about two inches apart on an ungreased cookie sheet. The size of the cookies matters! If you make the cookies too big or put them too close together, the interior of the cookie isnt dont by the time the bottom and edges brown. If the cookies are too small, they may not brown enough by the time the middle is done, giving you rock-hard cookies. Theres no need to grease the cookie sheet. While a light spritz of non-stick spray might not hurt, greasing the pan  adds fat to the cookies and affects how they brown and their texture.Bake the cookies 8 to 10 minutes or until they are light golden brown. Which rack you put the cookies on depends on your oven. Usually, the center rack is fine, but if your cookies tend to get too dark on the bottom, try moving them up one rack. The heating element in a conventional oven is on the bottom. The Baking Process If the ingredients are high quality, measured carefully, and mixed as they should be, chemical magic happens in the oven to make great cookies. Heating sodium bicarbonate causes it to decompose into water and carbon dioxide: 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 H2O CO2 Carbon dioxide gas and water vapor form the bubbles which make cookies rise. Rising doesnt just make cookies taller. It also opens up space to keep the cookie from becoming too dense. Salt slows down the decomposition of baking soda, so the bubbles dont get too big. This could lead to weak cookies or to cookies that fall flat when they come out of the oven. The heat works on the butter, egg yolk, and flour to change the shape of the molecules. The gluten in the flour forms a polymer mesh that works with the albumin protein from the egg white and the emulsifier lecithin from the egg yolk to form the dough and support the bubbles. Heat breaks the sucrose into the simple sugars glucose and fructose, giving each cookie a shiny, light brown crust. When you take the cookies out of the oven, the hot water gases in the cookie contract. The chemical changes that occurred during baking help the cookie keep its shape. This is why undercooked cookies (or other baked goods) fall in the center. After Baking If the cookies arent devoured immediately, the chemistry doesnt end with baking. The humidity of the surroundings affects cookies after they have cooled. If the air is very dry, moisture from the cookies escapes, making them hard. In a humid environment, cookies can absorb water vapor, making them soft. After cookies have completely cooled, they can be placed into a cookie jar or other container to keep them fresh and delicious.

Receiving a Homeschool Highschool Diploma

Receiving a Homeschool Highschool Diploma One of the biggest concerns for homeschooling parents is high school. They worry about how their student will get a diploma so he or she can attend college, get a job, or join the military. No one wants homeschooling to impact their child’s academic future or career options negatively. The good news is that homeschooled students can successfully achieve their post-graduation goals with a parent-issued diploma. What Is a Diploma? A diploma is an official document awarded by a high school indicating that a student has completed the necessary requirements for graduation. In most cases, students must complete a predetermined number of credit hours in high school-level courses such as English, math, science, and social studies. Diplomas may be accredited or non-accredited. An accredited diploma is one that is issued by an institution that has been verified to meet a given set of criteria. Most public and private schools are accredited. That means that they have met the standards set by a governing body, which is usually the department of education in the state in which the school is located. Non-accredited diplomas are issued by institutions that have not met or chose not to adhere to the guidelines set by such a governing body. Individual homeschools, along with some public and private schools, are not accredited. However, with few exceptions, this fact does not negatively impact a homeschooled students post-graduation options. Homeschooled students are admitted to colleges and universities and can even earn scholarships with or without accredited diplomas, just like their traditionally-schooled peers. They can join the military and get a job. There are options for obtaining an accredited diploma for families who want their student to have that validation. One option is to use a distance learning or online school such as Alpha Omega Academy or Abeka Academy.   Why Is a Diploma Necessary? Diplomas are necessary for college admission, military acceptance, and usually employment. Homeschool diplomas are accepted at most colleges and universities. With few exceptions,  colleges require that students take an admissions test such as the  SAT or ACT. Those test scores, along with a transcript of a student’s high school courses, will meet the entrance requirements for most schools. Check the website for the college or university your student is interested in attending. Many schools now have specific admissions information  for homeschooled students on their sites or  admissions specialists who work  directly with homeschoolers. Homeschool diplomas are also accepted by the United States military.  A  high school transcript validating  the parent-issued diploma  may be requested and should suffice for proving that the student met the requirements eligible for graduation. Graduation Requirements for a High School Diploma There are several options for obtaining a diploma for your homeschooled student.   Parent-Issued Diploma Most homeschool parents choose to issue their students a diploma themselves.   Most states don’t require that homeschool families follow specific graduation guidelines. To be sure, investigate your state’s  homeschooling laws  on a trustworthy  site such as Homeschool Legal Defense Association  or your statewide homeschool support group. If the law doesn’t specifically address graduation requirements, there are none for your state. Some states, such as New York and Pennsylvania, have detailed graduation requirements. Other states, such as  California,  Tennessee, and  Louisiana, may stipulate graduation requirements based on the homeschooling option parents choose. For example, Tennessee homeschooling families who enroll in an umbrella school must meet that school’s graduation requirements to receive a diploma. If your state does not list graduation requirements for homeschooled students, you are free to establish your own. You want to consider your students interests, aptitudes, abilities, and career goals. One commonly-suggested method for determining requirements is to follow your state’s public school requirements or to use them as a guideline for setting your own. Another option is to research the colleges or universities that your student is considering and follow their admissions guidelines. For either of these alternatives, it can be helpful to understand typical  course requirements for high school students. However, it is also important to keep in mind that many colleges and universities are actively seeking homeschool graduates and often appreciate a non-traditional approach to school. Dr. Susan Berry, who researches and writes about educational topics like the fast-growing rate of homeschooling, told Alpha Omega Publications: â€Å"The high achievement level of homeschoolers is readily recognized by recruiters from some of the best colleges in the nation. Schools such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard, Stanford, and Duke University all actively recruit homeschoolers.† That means that patterning your homeschool after a traditional high school may not be necessary, even if your student plans to attend college. Use the admissions requirements for the school your child would like to attend as a guide. Determine what  you  deem necessary for your student to know upon completion of his high school years. Use those two pieces of information to guide your student’s four-year high school plan. Diplomas From Virtual or Umbrella Schools If your homeschooled student is enrolled in an umbrella school, a virtual academy, or an online school, that school will likely issue a diploma. In most cases, these schools are treated like a distance learning school. They will determine the courses and credit hours required for graduation. Parents using an umbrella school usually have some degree of freedom in meeting the course requirements. In most cases, parents can choose their own curriculum and even their own courses. For example, students may be required to earn three credits in science, but individual families can choose which science courses their student takes. A student taking online courses or working through a virtual academy will sign up for the courses that the school offers to meet the credit hour requirements. This means that their options may be limited to more traditional courses, general science, biology, and chemistry to earn three science credits, for example. Public or Private School Diplomas In most cases, a public school will not issue a diploma to a homeschooled student even if the homeschool worked under the oversight of the local school district. Students who schooled at home using an online public school option, such as K12, will receive a state-issued high school diploma.   Homeschooled students who worked closely with a private school may be issued a diploma by that school. What Should a Homeschool Diploma Include? Parents who choose to issue their own high school diploma may wish to use a homeschool diploma template. The diploma should include: The name of the high school (or wording that indicates that it is a high school diploma)The students nameWording to indicate that the student has met the graduation requirements for his schoolThe date the diploma was issued or the course of study was completedThe signature(s) of the homeschool teacher (usually one or both parents) Although parents can create and print their own diplomas, it is advisable to order a more official-looking document from a reputable source such as  Homeschool Legal Defense Association  (HSLDA) or  Homeschool Diploma. A high-quality diploma can make a better impression on potential schools or employers. What Else Do Homeschool Graduates Need? Many homeschooling parents wonder if their student should take the  GED  (General Education Development). A GED is not a diploma, but rather certificate indicating that a person has demonstrated a mastery of knowledge equivalent to what he would have learned in high school. Unfortunately, many colleges and employers do not view a GED the same as a high school diploma. They may assume that a person dropped out of high school or was unable to complete the course requirements for graduation. Says Rachel Tustin of  Study.com, If two applicants set side by side, and one had a high school diploma and the other a GED, odds are colleges and employers would lean towards the one with a high school diploma. The reason is simple: students with  GEDs  often lack other key data sources colleges look at when determining college admissions. Unfortunately, a GED is often perceived as a shortcut. If your student has completed the requirements that you (or your state’s homeschooling laws) have set for graduating high school, he or she has earned his diploma.   Your student will likely need a  high school transcript. This transcript should include basic information about your student (name, address, and date of birth), along with a list of courses he has taken and a letter grade for each, an  overall GPA, and a grading scale. You may also want to keep a separate document with course descriptions in case it is requested. This document should list the name of the course, the materials used to complete it (textbooks, websites, online courses, or hands-on experience), the concepts mastered, and the hours completed in the subject. As homeschooling continues to grow, colleges, universities, the military, and employers are becoming increasingly accustomed to seeing parent-issued homeschool diplomas and accepting them as they would a degree from any other school.