Achieving the American Dream in Death of a Salesman by...

Achieving the American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Willy Loman is a man on a mission. His purpose in life is to achieve a false sense of the American Dream, but is this what Willy Loman really wants? In Death of a Salesman, Arthur Miller analyzes the American Dream by portraying to us a few days in the life of a washed up salesman named Willy Loman. The American Dream is a definite goal of many people, meaning something different to everyone. Willys version is different from most people though; his is based more on being well-liked and achieving monetary successes rather than achieving something that will make him happy. Willy never becomes part of the American Dream because he never follows his true dreams and†¦show more content†¦If people work their entire lives to achieve something that they can enjoy at the end of their life, they will miss the entire journey in between. The American Dream is the basis of American culture although some ideals at the heart of it seem incorrect. Willy Lomans dream is an adaptation of the American Dream. Willy believes that the only things that are important in life are the successes that he achieved and the amount of friends that he made. This is easily illustrated when Willy says Its who you know and the smile on your face! ... and thats the wonder, the wonder of this country, that a man can end with diamonds here on the basis of being liked! (Movie). Success is an important part of the American dream, but Willy puts too much importance on the need to achieve success. He neglects the needs of his family and chooses to remain in the mindset that as long as he is well liked he will achieve success. Although he has lost his ability to sell, Willy continues to believe that as long as he works hard good things will happen to him and his family. Willys wife Linda realizes this and conveys these thoughts to her sons when she says He drives seven hundred miles, and when he gets there no one knows him anymore†¦ what goes throu gh a mans mind, driving seven hundred miles home without earning a cent? (Movie). Willy has delusional ideas about the American Dream. Even in the end Willy still believes that the only thing Biff needs to be successful is someShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman 1136 Words   |  5 PagesGarett Miller Mr. James Mahle THE2000 2 August 2, 2016 Arthur Miller’s Impact Arthur Miller was born in 1915, and he died in 2005. He is possibly the most well-known and influential American playwright. He grew up during the Great Depression, so many of his plays deal with the American middleclass lifestyle. His two most influential works are Death of a Salesman and The Crucible. Death of a Salesman is about the tragic white collar worker, Willy Loman, while The Crucible is about the Salem witchRead More A Comparison of the Dream in Death of a Salesman, Ellis Island, and America and I1328 Words   |  6 PagesThe Dream in Death of a Salesman, Ellis Island, and America and I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The American dream is as varied as the people who populate America. The play The Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, the poem Ellis Island by Joseph Bruchac, and the poem America and I by Anzia Yezierska illustrate different perspectives of the American dream. All three authors show some lines of thought on what the freedom inherent in the American dream means. The authors clarify distinct ideas on the meansRead MoreComparing Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and Fences by August Wilson 1403 Words   |  6 PagesFences written by August Wilson and Death of a Salesman written by Arthur Miller are two plays that could be considered very different in terms of their plot. The plots of both plays contain two very different cultural backgrounds which affects each protagonist differently. If the reader or audience looks past the plot into the theme and symbolisms used they can see that the plays are more similar than they are different. In spite of the differ ent cultural backgrounds of each protagonist they bothRead More The American Dream Conspiracy in Death of a Salesman Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesArthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman tells the story of the failure of a salesman, Willy Loman. Although not all Americans are salesmen, most of us share Willy’s dream of success. We are all partners in the American Dream and parties to the conspiracy of silence surrounding the fact that failures must outnumber successes.(Samantaray, 2014) Miller amalgamates the archetypal tragic hero with the mundane American citizen. The result is the anti-hero, Willy Loman. He is a simple salesman who constantlyRead MoreThe Internal and External Conflicts of Willy Loman Essay1190 Words   |  5 Pagesinternal and external conflicts throughout literature. Going in depth to a character allows the reader to better understand that character’s internal and external conflicts. Arthur Miller uses this technique in several of his plays, including Death of a Salesman. Miller portrays the character of Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman through his internal and external conflicts. The internal conflict begins with Willy’s expectations for his sons and The Woman. Willy struggles throughout the play withRead MoreThe False Hope of the American Dream in Death of a Salesman1508 Words   |  7 PagesThe False Hope of the American Dream in Death of a Salesman The American Dream is something every American family strives to achieve some families push too hard to get to the place where they feel that they have achieved this dream; this is the case in the life of the Lomen family. The Lomen’s are the typical American family in the 1940’s. Willy and his wife Linda are a middle class family with two sons named Biff and Happy. Willy is an ageing traveling salesman that is struggling toRead MoreEssay about A Shattered Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller2640 Words   |  11 PagesA Shattered Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Death of a Salesman tells the story of a man confronting failure in the success-driven society of America and shows the tragic path, which eventually leads to Willy Lomans suicide. Death of a Salesman?is?a search for identity, [Willy?s] attempt to be a man according to the frontier tradition in which he was raised, and a failure to achieve that identity because in [1942] and in [Brooklyn] that identity cannot be achieved. (GrossRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1628 Words   |  7 PagesArthur Miller wrote the Pulitzer Prize winning play Death of a Salesman in 1949. The play inflated the myth of the American Dream of prosperity and recognition, that hard work and integrity brings, but the play compels the world to see the ugly truth that capitalism and the materialistic world distort honesty and moral ethics. The play is a guide toward contemporary themes foreseen of the twentieth century, which are veiled with greed, power, and betrayal. Miller’s influence with the play spreadRead MoreFailure Of The American Dream In The Writings Of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Zora Neale Hurston, And August Wilson1418 Words   |  6 Pageswill define the failure of the †American Dream† in the writings of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Arthur Miller, Zora Neale Hurston, and August Wilson. Fitzgerald’s account of the Jay Gatsby s rise to fame in the 1920s defines the failure of financial success as part of the American Dream. Gatsby will eventually die due to his excessive greed, which is not unlike the emotional death of Willy Loman as he fails to become a successful salesman in Author Miller’s Death of a Salesman. More so, Hurston’s depictionRead MoreCharacteristics Of Willy Loman A Tragic Hero834 Words   |  4 PagesWilly Loman a Tragic Hero? Death Of a Salesman is a 1949 play written by american playwright Arthur Miller. It is a breathtaking play about Willy Loman, a salesman, trying to chase a dream that died long ago. It expresses how the old man’s life comes crumbling down with his last few attempts to make some of his dream reality and help his family in debt. Now people are debating weather Willy loman fits the right characteristics to be classified as a tragic hero. A tragic hero is someone who makes

Marx s Theory Of Socialism - 987 Words

Karl Marx was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist and revolutionary socialist. Marx defined capital as a social, economic relation between people. In many of his writings, Marx had implied that revolutions within the proletarian society would be inevitable and the proletariat would become the ruling class all over the world (Kreis, S 2000) Marx proposed this theory of revolution based on Hegelian concepts of the dialectic. The philosophical and ideological aims put forward were to bring about his version of socialism, known as communism. During the winter of 1857 Marx produced an outline of his critique of the political economy in an unfinished manuscript called The Grundrisse (Fowkes, B 1997). Marx believed that deficiencies in the economy and social injustices inherent to capitalism would ultimately lead to the breakdown of capitalist societies. He predicted that this breakdown of the capitalist societies would ultimately give rise to communism. For Marx, identifying the fundamental contradictions of the capitalist system of production was the first step in hastening the downfall of what he saw as an unstable, unfair social system. Marx referred to the relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat to one of inevitable conflict, in that the proletariat is systematically exploited under capitalism. Marx believed that labour is the only real source of wealth. Capital itself; land factories, ports, railroads, etc.; represents simply stored labour,Show MoreRelatedModern Political Ideas and Doctrines Essay1670 Words   |  7 PagesModern Political Ideas and Doctrines a) How did Marx conceive the transition from capitalism to communism? Karl Marx is considered to be a historian, a philosopher, a political thinker, and an economist amongst other things. There is a standard misconception that Marx had no idea of economics, by contrast he was quite the economist, and was able to layout the transition of capitalism to communism in a very logical and understanding way. The transition of capitalismRead MoreManifesto Of The Communist Party920 Words   |  4 Pagesdrafted as, â€Å"Manifesto of the Communist Party†, is a pamphlet written by Karl Marx, that in essence reflects an attempt to explain the goals and objectives of Communism, while also explaining the concrete theories about the nature of society in relation to the political ideology. The Communist Manifesto breaks down the relationship of socio-economic classes and specifically identifies the friction between those classes. Karl Marx essentially presents a well analyzed understanding of class struggles andRead MoreDialectical Journal Michael Chang The Communist Manifesto 1422 Words   |  6 Pages Dialectical Journal Michael Chang The Communist Manifesto by. Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels Text Date Response The Manifesto begins with Marx quoting, the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Marx describes these classes as two entities; The bourgeoisie as the rich capitalists, and the proletariats, who were the working class. In societies of past, the oppressor and oppressed are in constant opposition to each other. This fight can be obvious or sublimeRead MoreThe Many Faces Of Socialism1314 Words   |  6 PagesThe Many Faces of Socialism Socialism has worn many faces throughout history, some good and helpful, others harsh and controlling. Socialism has been an important political and economic idea since the early eighteenth century; It has gained popularity from the underlying idea that the government, market, and social systems should benefit the people not large corporations. Socialism is the idea that a state s economy and society should be run democratically and should meet the needs ofRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto By Bertell Ollman953 Words   |  4 PagesAfter reading the Communist Manifesto, I was deeply thinking of how Marxism theory be applied in contemporary society and how much benefit it brings to this developing modern world. What will things be look like after the revolution could be a questions often put to Marxists. But the answers are frequently unclear and vague. Since socialism emerges out of capitalism as a result of a successful struggle against it by the working class, the specific measures introduced by the revolutionary socialistRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto Marx And Engels855 Words   |  4 PagesFor Karl Marx, the analysis of social class, class structures and changes in those structures are key to understanding capitalism and other social systems or modes of production. In the Communist Manifesto Marx and Engels comment that the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Analysis of class divisions and struggles is especially important in developing an understanding of the nature of capitalism. For Marx, classes are defined and structured by the relationsRead MoreKarl Marx And The German Political System1427 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx was born on May 5th 1818 in Trier, Germany, which was then known as the Kingdom of Prussia. Karl was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His work in economics laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labor and it’s relation to capital, and subsequent economic thought. He was born into a wealthy upper middle-class family. He attended school at the University of Bonn and later he studied law and philosophy at the University of BerlinRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto And Das Kapital1507 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx A German philosopher, economist, journalist and revolutionary scientist, Marx was best known for his work in economics. He laid the foundations for today s theories of labor and capital. The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital were among the most famous of his published works. Born to a middle-class family in Trier, Prussia in 1818, his parents were Jewish, but converted to Christianity in 1816 due to strict anti- Jewish laws. He was baptized as a Christian at the age of six but laterRead MoreThe Debate Between Capitalism And Socialism1580 Words   |  7 PagesCapitalism and Socialism, it is necessary to understand what the differences, advantages, and disadvantages are of both systems. In the dictionary it states capitalism is an economic and political system in which a country s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. Socialism is a social and economic system characterized by social ownership of the means of production and co-opera tive management of the economy, as well as a political theory and movementRead MoreSocialism And Its Nature Of Supporting Economic And Social Equality1508 Words   |  7 Pagesthinking is necessary in societal progress, which the socialist ideology highlights and embodies. Socialism is a justifiable and critical ideology because it supports an environment of equality, encourages revolution, and occasionally strives for utopia. The first important aspect of Socialism is its nature of supporting economic and social equality. In order to understand this feature of socialism, one must grasp the importance and benefit of equality to a society. Albert Fried summarizes

Company Illegal Acts and Negligence †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Company Illegal Acts and Negligence. Answer: Introduction: There are various cases where the members of a company held liable for certain illegal acts including negligence. The dispute arise when it becomes hard to proof whether the offender himself will be liable for the wrongful acts or whether the whole company will held liable for that. The court has, for the first time, in the case of Salomon v Salomon decided that the company is a separate legal personality and it will not held liable for the negligent or wrongful acts of the members. In Australia, offence relating to negligence is fall within the scope of Tort law and in case where the members of a company are engaged in any negligent act, it will fall under the provisions of the Corporate Tort. An act can be called as negligent act if the wrongdoer has failed to show reasonable care during the course of their employment. The Corporation Act has imposed certain duties on the directors so that they can perform their acts carefully. According to section 180 of the Act, the directors are required to act in good faith while doing their business. It is not required to involve in any wrongful gain during the course of their business. In case of ASIC v Adler (2002) 168 FLR 253 the court has observed that if the directors are negligently using their position and act for certain illegal way, they will be held liable for that. In Australia, many cases are pending before the Court regarding the wrongful acts of the directors and many times, it can be observed that certain directors are also the shareholders of the company. The case of the Cassimetes (2012) is an ideal example regarding the same. In this case, it has been observed that the directors of the company had failed to show sufficient care to the investors and the investors had to face lots of trouble for that. When they are interrogated by the court, they took the plea that they are also the shareholders of the business and they had to face troubles too. The court has rightly observed in that case that it is the duty of the director to take all the reasonable care for securing the interest of the shareholders and in this case, they have failed to comply with the same. Therefore, the directors could not take the plea that they have shares in this case. According to the provisions of the Corporation Act, the provisions of the section 180 to section 1 83 are applicable to all the directors. It has further been stated that in case the directors could not meet the requirements and even unable to satisfy the provision mentioned under section 180(2) of the Act, they have to face civil and criminal penalties. The civil penalty provision has been comprised in section 1317E of the Corporation Act. Criminal penalty provision has been engraved under section 183 of the Corporation Act. In the case of Kramer v Kramer (1979), it has been held that the directors have certain fiduciary duties and they have to perform it diligently. In case they have failed to do so, they will be held guilty for it. The acts and duties of the directors are governed by the Corporation Act and according to section 1317E of the Act, if the directors have failed to perform their duties, they will have to face penalties for that. However, it is to be noted that the act of negligence is civil in nature and therefore, if the directors are held liable for any negligent act, they will have to face civil penalties that are laid down in section 1317E of the Act. In the case of Turquand v Marshall (1869) LR 4, it has been observed, being a director of a company, they play important role and considering the potentialities of the directors, it has been observed that the directors must not misuse their position. If they held liable for misusing their position, they will make a breach of their duty. According to the Tort Law of Australia, breach of duty comes under the provisions of the negligence. However, according to the law of Australia, the negligent must be gross in nature and mere negligence will not attract the provision of the Tort Law. By gross negligence it can be stated certain situation where the company or any shareholders has to suffer lot of problem. There are certain cases where the acts of the directors are directly linked with the company and if the acts of the directors are performed for the benefits of the company, the whole company will be held liable for that. The concept of separate identity of a company has separated its liabilities from its members. However, a company can vicariously be liable for the wrongful acts of its employees. According to the law, directors are the minds of the company and without them; companies could not perform its job officially. Therefore, where the directors are involving in any wrongful acts for securing the interest of the company, the company will be held liable for such crime. This principle is known as corporate liability. The term vicarious liability is depended on the master servant principle where it has been observed that the master will be liable for the wrongful acts of the servant if the wrong has been done due the course of their employment. This term has been applied in case of Tort Law. Crime means where the intention and act of the accused are illegal. It has been observed in Tesco Supermarket Ltd v Nattrass [1972] AC 153 that both the knowledge and state of mind are essential for proving th e criminal activities of a company. In Ferguson v Wilson (1866) LR 2 Ch App 77, the court states that a company can be held liable for criminal breach of contract. Every company is required to perform their work safely and the company should follow the provisions of the Occupational Health and Safety Act. If a company has to make profit and incorporate for certain illegal acts, the company will be held liable for the same. The liability of a company can be divided into two parts: primary and secondary. When the company itself does a wrong act, it will be regarded as primary liability and when the agent or an employee does a wrongful act, it will be regarded as secondary liability. The primary liability of the company has been established in the case of Lennards Carrying Co. Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd [1915] AC 705. The directors are regarded as the mind of the company and therefore, if they act to gain illegal profit for the company, the company will be held liable. In the case of Bolton Engineering Co, Ltd v T J Graham Sons Ltd [1957] 1 QB 159, it has been held that if an agent of a company held liable for any criminal activities and if o utcome of the act is attached with the interest of the company; the company will be held liable for such criminal acts under the principle of vicarious liability. In Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 21, it has been observed by the court that the agent of the company was held liable for the negligent act and that causes injury to the plaintiff. According to the court, as the injury has been made during the course of work and the alleged agent was served for the company, the company will be held liable under the principle of vicarious liability. In case of Securities of Australia Pty Ltd v Clinton Joseph Brilly [2008] NSWCA 204, it has been observed by the court that if a company has been incorporated with certain fraudulent purpose, the corporation will be held liable and the veil will be pierced automatically. In S Y Pty Ltd v Commercial Union Assurance Co. (1986) 82 FLR 130, the court has observed that if the directing mind of a company is accused of murder during the course of his employment, the company will be held liable for the same. However, a company will not held liable if the directing minds of the company has done certain illeg al acts against the interest of the company and it has been observed in the case of R v Gomez [1993] AC 442. The direct liability of a company has been established in Hamilton v Whitehead (1988) 166 CLR 121. It has been held in R v Australasian Films Ltd (1921) 29 CLR 195 that if an agent of a company attempted to defraud the revenue at the time of his work or employment, the company will be held liable for the crime until the fraud has been made for the interest of the company. If the fraud has been made for any personal interest of the agent, company will not be liable for the offence. The company can be held liable under the Criminal Code Act 1995 if any act of the company come under the provision of chapter 2 of the Code. Reference: ASIC v Adler (2002) 168 FLR 253 Australia Pty Ltd v Clinton Joseph Brilly [2008] NSWCA 204 Bolton Engineering Co, Ltd v T J Graham Sons Ltd [1957] 1 QB 159 Ferguson v Wilson (1866) LR 2 Ch App 77 Hamilton v Whitehead (1988) 166 CLR 121 Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 21 Lennards Carrying Co. Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd [1915] AC 705 R v Australasian Films Ltd (1921) 29 CLR 195 R v Gomez [1993] AC 442 S Y Pty Ltd v Commercial Union Assurance Co. (1986) 82 FLR 130 Tesco Supermarket Ltd v Nattrass [1972] AC 153 Turquand v Marshall (1869) LR 4

Strategic Purchasing free essay sample

Sustainable business growth and practices are taking a forward leap in to the globe. Almost every business now is planning to have a value chain through out their business. Strategic Purchasing is the key element to a sustainable growth of the business along the competitive edge. This study shows the importance of the Kraljic portfolio model that is to be put in to the actual usage, which would yield benefits of purchasing sophistication in terms of positioning and professionalism. Results showed that both positioning and professionalism are positively related to the greater usage of the model. Based on the analysis of a Dutch chemical company, the immense use of the portfolio model has been described and explored in strategic purchasing. The results have proved that when the model is tailored and elaborated it brings about an effective guidance in purchasing and supplier strategies. The case study also lists out the supplier strategies that are feasible. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Purchasing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus it supports the fact by using the kraljic model that purchasing function does play a vital role and enable organizations to gain competitive advantage The Initial objective of strategic purchasing to procure materials amp; equipment’s, from the right origin, with the right quantity and of the right quality, through right time and cost (peter 1993). Strategic purchasing does play a vital role in an organization. To have a successful business venture purchasing has to be the core element responsible for a product’s quality, acceptability, price and reliability. Procurement system solely depends on the choice of suppliers, to ensure the delivery under any circumstances (John, Marton 2006). In few cases, DSM is locked in the partnering relationship due to necessity, might be cause of situations like monopolistic market. The only solution to this would be finding alternative suppliers through proper new development of suppliers. This solution will not be obtainable when the scenario is due to patents, another situation would be when the supplier does not want to involve really in co – development (Van Weele 2006). There is more likely for the partnership to change into the indolent and chances of being more relaxed in the relationship. Strategic partners should always be a supplier of world class. World-class suppliers are high performing, alert at all times and technically sound through sense of economy. This clearly depicts that strategic patterns will meet the benchmark externally with more satisfactory performance of price (Van Weele 2006). Decomplexing strategy and supplier development (2) must be pursed when the situation turns vice versa, that is when the partnerships show under achieving performance or patterns. Less complexity products when made, leads to alternative solutions within reach. Effectively, DSM wants itself always to be less dependent on non dependable and under achieving suppliers (Van Weele 2006). Importance of kraljic portfolio model is clearly understood when it is actually put into use and customizing of the same would enhance the solving capability of the strategic issues that are at hand. The portfolio model provides guidelines for a better supplier and purchasing strategies. This case study clearly suggests us the importance of placing commodities at different quadrants of the matrix to help in development of the purchasing strategies (Van Weele 2006).

The Chemistry of Baking Cookies

The Chemistry of Baking Cookies Baking cookies seems simple, especially if you cook pre-made cookie dough, but its really a set of chemical reactions. If your cookies never turn out perfect, understanding their chemistry may help improve your technique. Follow this classic chocolate chip cookie recipe and learn about the ingredients and the reactions that occur throughout the mixing and baking process. Chocolate Chip Cookie Recipe 3/4 cup granulated sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11)3/4 cup brown sugar (caramelized sucrose)1 cup unsalted butter (a fat)1 large egg (consists of water, protein, fat, emulsifier, and albumin)1 teaspoon vanilla extract (for flavor)2-1/4 cups all-purpose flour (contains gluten)1 teaspoon baking soda (sodium bicarbonate,  NaHCO3, which is a weak base)1/2 teaspoon salt (NaCl)2 cups semi-sweet chocolate chips Youll get the best results if you use room temperature eggs and butter. This helps the ingredients mix into the recipe more evenly and means your cookie dough will be room temperature and not cool when you put the cookies in the oven. The fat in the recipe affects the texture of the cookies and browns them, which influences flavor as well as color. Substituting a different fat in place of butter affects the flavor of the cookies and also the texture since other fats (lard, vegetable oil, margarine, etc.) have a different melting point from butter. If you use salted butter, its usually best to reduce the amount of added salt.Preheat oven to 375 degrees Fahrenheit. Its important to preheat the oven because if you put the cookies in the oven and the temperature is too low, the dough can spread rather than firm up. This affects the thickness of the cookie, its texture, and how evenly it browns.Mix together the sugar, brown sugar, butter, vanilla, and eggs. Mostly, this is to blend the in gredients so the composition of the cookies will be uniform. For the most part, no chemical reaction occurs at this point. Mixing the sugars with the eggs dissolves some of the sugar in the water from the eggs, so the crystals wont be as large in the cookies. Brown sugar adds caramelized sugar flavor to the cookies. While it doesnt matter what color of eggs you use (white or brown), the size matters, just like measuring all of the other ingredients! If you substitute an egg from a different bird than a chicken, the recipe will work, but the flavor will be different. You dont want to over-mix the ingredients because beating eggs for too long affects the protein molecules in the egg white. Real vanilla and imitation vanilla (vanillin) contain the same flavor molecule, but real vanilla extract has a more complex flavor because of other molecules from the plant. Mix in the flour (a little at a time), baking soda, and salt. You can sift the ingredients together to make sure they are evenly distributed, but sprinkling the salt and baking soda onto the mixture works too. The flour contains gluten, the protein that holds the cookies together, makes them a bit chewy and gives them their substance. Cake flour, bread flour, and self-rising flour could be substituted for all-purpose flour in a pinch, but arent ideal. The cake flour might produce fragile cookies with a finer crumb; the bread flour contains more gluten and could make the cookies tough or too chewy, and the self-rising flour already contains leavening agents that would make the cookies rise.  The baking soda is the ingredient that makes cookies rise. The salt is a flavoring, but also controls the rising of the cookies.Stir in the chocolate chips. This last to ensure the other ingredients are properly mixed and to avoid smashing the chips. The chocolate chips are flavoring. Dont like semi-sweet? Switch it out! Drop rounded teaspoons of the dough about two inches apart on an ungreased cookie sheet. The size of the cookies matters! If you make the cookies too big or put them too close together, the interior of the cookie isnt dont by the time the bottom and edges brown. If the cookies are too small, they may not brown enough by the time the middle is done, giving you rock-hard cookies. Theres no need to grease the cookie sheet. While a light spritz of non-stick spray might not hurt, greasing the pan  adds fat to the cookies and affects how they brown and their texture.Bake the cookies 8 to 10 minutes or until they are light golden brown. Which rack you put the cookies on depends on your oven. Usually, the center rack is fine, but if your cookies tend to get too dark on the bottom, try moving them up one rack. The heating element in a conventional oven is on the bottom. The Baking Process If the ingredients are high quality, measured carefully, and mixed as they should be, chemical magic happens in the oven to make great cookies. Heating sodium bicarbonate causes it to decompose into water and carbon dioxide: 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 H2O CO2 Carbon dioxide gas and water vapor form the bubbles which make cookies rise. Rising doesnt just make cookies taller. It also opens up space to keep the cookie from becoming too dense. Salt slows down the decomposition of baking soda, so the bubbles dont get too big. This could lead to weak cookies or to cookies that fall flat when they come out of the oven. The heat works on the butter, egg yolk, and flour to change the shape of the molecules. The gluten in the flour forms a polymer mesh that works with the albumin protein from the egg white and the emulsifier lecithin from the egg yolk to form the dough and support the bubbles. Heat breaks the sucrose into the simple sugars glucose and fructose, giving each cookie a shiny, light brown crust. When you take the cookies out of the oven, the hot water gases in the cookie contract. The chemical changes that occurred during baking help the cookie keep its shape. This is why undercooked cookies (or other baked goods) fall in the center. After Baking If the cookies arent devoured immediately, the chemistry doesnt end with baking. The humidity of the surroundings affects cookies after they have cooled. If the air is very dry, moisture from the cookies escapes, making them hard. In a humid environment, cookies can absorb water vapor, making them soft. After cookies have completely cooled, they can be placed into a cookie jar or other container to keep them fresh and delicious.

Receiving a Homeschool Highschool Diploma

Receiving a Homeschool Highschool Diploma One of the biggest concerns for homeschooling parents is high school. They worry about how their student will get a diploma so he or she can attend college, get a job, or join the military. No one wants homeschooling to impact their child’s academic future or career options negatively. The good news is that homeschooled students can successfully achieve their post-graduation goals with a parent-issued diploma. What Is a Diploma? A diploma is an official document awarded by a high school indicating that a student has completed the necessary requirements for graduation. In most cases, students must complete a predetermined number of credit hours in high school-level courses such as English, math, science, and social studies. Diplomas may be accredited or non-accredited. An accredited diploma is one that is issued by an institution that has been verified to meet a given set of criteria. Most public and private schools are accredited. That means that they have met the standards set by a governing body, which is usually the department of education in the state in which the school is located. Non-accredited diplomas are issued by institutions that have not met or chose not to adhere to the guidelines set by such a governing body. Individual homeschools, along with some public and private schools, are not accredited. However, with few exceptions, this fact does not negatively impact a homeschooled students post-graduation options. Homeschooled students are admitted to colleges and universities and can even earn scholarships with or without accredited diplomas, just like their traditionally-schooled peers. They can join the military and get a job. There are options for obtaining an accredited diploma for families who want their student to have that validation. One option is to use a distance learning or online school such as Alpha Omega Academy or Abeka Academy.   Why Is a Diploma Necessary? Diplomas are necessary for college admission, military acceptance, and usually employment. Homeschool diplomas are accepted at most colleges and universities. With few exceptions,  colleges require that students take an admissions test such as the  SAT or ACT. Those test scores, along with a transcript of a student’s high school courses, will meet the entrance requirements for most schools. Check the website for the college or university your student is interested in attending. Many schools now have specific admissions information  for homeschooled students on their sites or  admissions specialists who work  directly with homeschoolers. Homeschool diplomas are also accepted by the United States military.  A  high school transcript validating  the parent-issued diploma  may be requested and should suffice for proving that the student met the requirements eligible for graduation. Graduation Requirements for a High School Diploma There are several options for obtaining a diploma for your homeschooled student.   Parent-Issued Diploma Most homeschool parents choose to issue their students a diploma themselves.   Most states don’t require that homeschool families follow specific graduation guidelines. To be sure, investigate your state’s  homeschooling laws  on a trustworthy  site such as Homeschool Legal Defense Association  or your statewide homeschool support group. If the law doesn’t specifically address graduation requirements, there are none for your state. Some states, such as New York and Pennsylvania, have detailed graduation requirements. Other states, such as  California,  Tennessee, and  Louisiana, may stipulate graduation requirements based on the homeschooling option parents choose. For example, Tennessee homeschooling families who enroll in an umbrella school must meet that school’s graduation requirements to receive a diploma. If your state does not list graduation requirements for homeschooled students, you are free to establish your own. You want to consider your students interests, aptitudes, abilities, and career goals. One commonly-suggested method for determining requirements is to follow your state’s public school requirements or to use them as a guideline for setting your own. Another option is to research the colleges or universities that your student is considering and follow their admissions guidelines. For either of these alternatives, it can be helpful to understand typical  course requirements for high school students. However, it is also important to keep in mind that many colleges and universities are actively seeking homeschool graduates and often appreciate a non-traditional approach to school. Dr. Susan Berry, who researches and writes about educational topics like the fast-growing rate of homeschooling, told Alpha Omega Publications: â€Å"The high achievement level of homeschoolers is readily recognized by recruiters from some of the best colleges in the nation. Schools such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard, Stanford, and Duke University all actively recruit homeschoolers.† That means that patterning your homeschool after a traditional high school may not be necessary, even if your student plans to attend college. Use the admissions requirements for the school your child would like to attend as a guide. Determine what  you  deem necessary for your student to know upon completion of his high school years. Use those two pieces of information to guide your student’s four-year high school plan. Diplomas From Virtual or Umbrella Schools If your homeschooled student is enrolled in an umbrella school, a virtual academy, or an online school, that school will likely issue a diploma. In most cases, these schools are treated like a distance learning school. They will determine the courses and credit hours required for graduation. Parents using an umbrella school usually have some degree of freedom in meeting the course requirements. In most cases, parents can choose their own curriculum and even their own courses. For example, students may be required to earn three credits in science, but individual families can choose which science courses their student takes. A student taking online courses or working through a virtual academy will sign up for the courses that the school offers to meet the credit hour requirements. This means that their options may be limited to more traditional courses, general science, biology, and chemistry to earn three science credits, for example. Public or Private School Diplomas In most cases, a public school will not issue a diploma to a homeschooled student even if the homeschool worked under the oversight of the local school district. Students who schooled at home using an online public school option, such as K12, will receive a state-issued high school diploma.   Homeschooled students who worked closely with a private school may be issued a diploma by that school. What Should a Homeschool Diploma Include? Parents who choose to issue their own high school diploma may wish to use a homeschool diploma template. The diploma should include: The name of the high school (or wording that indicates that it is a high school diploma)The students nameWording to indicate that the student has met the graduation requirements for his schoolThe date the diploma was issued or the course of study was completedThe signature(s) of the homeschool teacher (usually one or both parents) Although parents can create and print their own diplomas, it is advisable to order a more official-looking document from a reputable source such as  Homeschool Legal Defense Association  (HSLDA) or  Homeschool Diploma. A high-quality diploma can make a better impression on potential schools or employers. What Else Do Homeschool Graduates Need? Many homeschooling parents wonder if their student should take the  GED  (General Education Development). A GED is not a diploma, but rather certificate indicating that a person has demonstrated a mastery of knowledge equivalent to what he would have learned in high school. Unfortunately, many colleges and employers do not view a GED the same as a high school diploma. They may assume that a person dropped out of high school or was unable to complete the course requirements for graduation. Says Rachel Tustin of  Study.com, If two applicants set side by side, and one had a high school diploma and the other a GED, odds are colleges and employers would lean towards the one with a high school diploma. The reason is simple: students with  GEDs  often lack other key data sources colleges look at when determining college admissions. Unfortunately, a GED is often perceived as a shortcut. If your student has completed the requirements that you (or your state’s homeschooling laws) have set for graduating high school, he or she has earned his diploma.   Your student will likely need a  high school transcript. This transcript should include basic information about your student (name, address, and date of birth), along with a list of courses he has taken and a letter grade for each, an  overall GPA, and a grading scale. You may also want to keep a separate document with course descriptions in case it is requested. This document should list the name of the course, the materials used to complete it (textbooks, websites, online courses, or hands-on experience), the concepts mastered, and the hours completed in the subject. As homeschooling continues to grow, colleges, universities, the military, and employers are becoming increasingly accustomed to seeing parent-issued homeschool diplomas and accepting them as they would a degree from any other school.

Business Intelligence in the Company's Management Practices Essay - 1

Business Intelligence in the Company's Management Practices - Essay Example Whole Foods Market depends on organizational structure to ensure performance that would impact employees and customers.   Since January 2001 Whole Food Market has experienced an increase in sales, profits, and stock prices.   The success of the company has flourished from the hard work of team members and strong leadership throughout the company.  Ã‚  Whole Foods Market depends on organizational structure to ensure performance that would impact employees and customers.   Since January 2001 Whole Food Market has experienced an increase in sales, profits, and stock prices.   The success of the company has flourished from the hard work of team members and strong leadership throughout the company.  Ã‚   The Executive Team, also known as the E-Team, consists of the Ceo, Co-Ceo, Company President, Vice President of Growth and Development and the Financial Officer.   These five leaders work together to improve the company’s performance and production through decision ma king.   Unlike many companies, Whole Foods’ E-team discusses and debates their ideas until they all come together in agreement as a team.   In doing so, they are able to provide the company, customers and team members with the proper attention and performance needed. Co-CEO Walter Robb and Company President A.C. Gallo, are responsible for operating the company’s marketing process, purchasing products from suppliers and vendors, and distributing products to all twelve regions.     These twelve regions include the United Kingdom, Southern Pacific, Northern California, Pacific Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Southwest, Midwest, South, Florida Northeast, Mid Atlantic and North Atlantic.   Within these regions, there are over three hundred stores, five commissaries, nine distribution centers and over fifty-four thousand team members.     Robb and Gallo’s goal and commitment are to purchase and distribute from local vendor and suppliers quality products that will attract customers to shop at local Whole Foods stores.   When customers are satisfied with products this makes an impact on the company which in turn produces growth, productivity and prosperity. As the years continue to move forward, E-team will keep working together as a collaborative leadership team to influence and lead Whole Foods Market into remarkable growth and success.   Because of its well-developed structure, Whole Foods Market will continue to make a great impact on customers, employees and suppliers.

Effect of Videogames on health and socially Essay

Effect of Videogames on health and socially - Essay Example In any case, it is impossible to isolate videogames completely from human life in this era of advanced science and technology. This paper analyses how videogames affect the human health and the society. According to Anderson (2003), videogames are an excellent tool for teachers to stimulate learning among the students. At the same time, violent video games have the potential to cause immense social problems. Videogames are a double edged sword. Teachers can teach difficult lessons with the help of videogames so that the students get more insights about difficult topics. For example, while teaching subjects such as physics and chemistry, teachers can make use of videogames. Imagine a case in which a teacher is teaching missile technology in a physics class. There are plenty of videogames available in the market in which fight using missiles or guns is the major theme. Such videogames can be used effectively by a teacher to teach the topics related to the operations of a missile. In short, videogames have the potential to cultivate positive effects in a society since it has the ability to stimulate or enhance the learning process. Kim et al (2010) pointed that â€Å"excessive playing of video games may result in impaired academic performance. Videogames have the ability to cultivate a kind of addiction among teenagers. Majority of the videogames are organized in such a way that each player should cross many difficult levels before reaching the target. When a teenager fails to overcome a particular difficulty level, he may spend more and more time in front of the computers or mobile phones for solving the puzzles created by the videogames. Thus he may not get enough time to spend for academic studies. Thus his studies can be negatively influenced by the addiction generated towards videogames. Teachers and parents are of the view that children who spent more time for playing videogames may spent little time for doing their home works, assignments or

Danielle Steels novel Fine Things Essay Example for Free

Danielle Steels novel Fine Things Essay Novel Title: Fine ThingsAuthor: Danielle SteelSummaryBernard Fine is a successful bachelor managing of the biggest stores in California. Bernie (nickname) runs into a little girl who is very lost and decides to help her out while. Her mother Liz comes to pick up her seven year old daughter Jane Calloway. The two newly met became friends (Bernie and Liz) and eventually fell in love and got married (much to the liking of Jane). Everything goes well and shortly after their marriage Liz gives birth to a son but the doctors decided that Liz has to stay in the hospital for a while and when Bernie asks why, they said that she must be tested for something but they never mentioned anything else to the overly concerned husband. A week later Liz is out of the hospital and with Bernie she finds out that shes a victim of the deadly disease cancer. Liz soon grows so weak that she looses her life and the long and painful journey for the young step-father Bernie has finally hit the saddest dead end. He tried to put up with his lost of his wife with the help of his parents. Bernie has no trouble at all raising Alexander and Jane all by himself then one day he met Janes biological father, Carter, and Bernie believes that custody should be his because Carter abandoned his wife and daughter long before. Carter defends himself while Bernie doesnt believe him but somehow the man gains custody of his daughter then all of a sudden Bernie hears from his agent that Jane is the middle of a drug smuggling havoc in Mexico. He begs to the police that he should go with them to rescue Jane. Bernie drives down to the motel waited for a while until the agent finally has Jane out of the motel and back in her fathers arms. Bernie begins to move on emotionally, and becomes involved with a beautiful doctor, but Jane is still loyal to her mother and cant accept this new woman but later on realized that his step father deserves to be happy and knew that her late mother would let him to be happy with someone new. Reaction:The story of the novel is not far from happening in real life. To keep a happy and complete family is always a challenge. In this novel, Bernie Fine struggles with the lost of his wife from the early stage of their marriage, leaving him the responsibility of raising their children and the longing of having someone special again. It showed the vulnerability of a man when it comes to losing a very important person forever. Reference: Fine Things by Danielle Steel

Pressure Groups vs. British Government Essays -- Politics Government U

Pressure Groups have become increasingly important in liberal democracies in influencing and raising awareness of their group’s particular causes or interest. This essay will assess wither or not pressure groups are more powerful than the government in Britain. To fully understand if pressure groups are more powerful than the British Government we much take into account the varying classifications of pressure groups, define what is meant by power, the different way pressure groups influence public option, the arguments for and against pressures being more powerful than the British Government and also the power government holds which pressure groups do not. The main argument of this essay is that although pressure groups do have some influence and power in today’s society but they are still not as powerful as the British Government. There are many different definitions of what a pressure group is Peter Lynch argues that a pressure groups is ‘Private, voluntary associations that wish to influence or control particular public policies, without becoming the government and controlling all public policy (Lynch, 2007, p. 245). Another definition is ‘Pressure groups are social aggregates with some level of cohesion and shared aims which attempt to influence the political decision-making process’ (Ball, A.R. and Millard, F, 1986, pp. 33-4). A final definition is ‘A pressure group is any organization that aims it influence public policy by seeking to persuade decision-making by lobbying rather than by standing for election’ (Coxall, 2001, p. 3). Overall pressure groups exist to help groups of people or causes, to promote their interest and will try to influence a certain section of society whether it is the government or the general p... ...us/our_people/our_celebrity_supporters Baggott, R. (1995). Pressure Groups Today. New York: Manchester University Press . Ball, A., & Peter, G. (2000). Modern Politics and Government. London: MacMillan. Ball, A.R. and Millard, F. (1986). Pressure Politics in Industrial Societies. London: Macmillan. Coxall, B. (2001). Pressure Groups in British Politics. England : Pearson Education Limited . Jones, B., & Norton, P. (2010). Politics UK 7th Edition. Harlow: Pearson. Lukes, S. (1986). Introduction Power. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Lynch, P. (2007). British Politics . Essex : Pearson Custom Publishing . Shelter Scotland. (n.d.). Retrieved Nov 2010, 30, from http://scotland.shelter.org.uk/ Shelter Scotland. (n.d.). Retrieved Nov 2010, 11, from http://scotland.shelter.org.uk/ Wyn, G. (2000). Pressure Groups and British Politics . London: MacMillan Press Ltd . Pressure Groups vs. British Government Essays -- Politics Government U Pressure Groups have become increasingly important in liberal democracies in influencing and raising awareness of their group’s particular causes or interest. This essay will assess wither or not pressure groups are more powerful than the government in Britain. To fully understand if pressure groups are more powerful than the British Government we much take into account the varying classifications of pressure groups, define what is meant by power, the different way pressure groups influence public option, the arguments for and against pressures being more powerful than the British Government and also the power government holds which pressure groups do not. The main argument of this essay is that although pressure groups do have some influence and power in today’s society but they are still not as powerful as the British Government. There are many different definitions of what a pressure group is Peter Lynch argues that a pressure groups is ‘Private, voluntary associations that wish to influence or control particular public policies, without becoming the government and controlling all public policy (Lynch, 2007, p. 245). Another definition is ‘Pressure groups are social aggregates with some level of cohesion and shared aims which attempt to influence the political decision-making process’ (Ball, A.R. and Millard, F, 1986, pp. 33-4). A final definition is ‘A pressure group is any organization that aims it influence public policy by seeking to persuade decision-making by lobbying rather than by standing for election’ (Coxall, 2001, p. 3). Overall pressure groups exist to help groups of people or causes, to promote their interest and will try to influence a certain section of society whether it is the government or the general p... ...us/our_people/our_celebrity_supporters Baggott, R. (1995). Pressure Groups Today. New York: Manchester University Press . Ball, A., & Peter, G. (2000). Modern Politics and Government. London: MacMillan. Ball, A.R. and Millard, F. (1986). Pressure Politics in Industrial Societies. London: Macmillan. Coxall, B. (2001). Pressure Groups in British Politics. England : Pearson Education Limited . Jones, B., & Norton, P. (2010). Politics UK 7th Edition. Harlow: Pearson. Lukes, S. (1986). Introduction Power. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Lynch, P. (2007). British Politics . Essex : Pearson Custom Publishing . Shelter Scotland. (n.d.). Retrieved Nov 2010, 30, from http://scotland.shelter.org.uk/ Shelter Scotland. (n.d.). Retrieved Nov 2010, 11, from http://scotland.shelter.org.uk/ Wyn, G. (2000). Pressure Groups and British Politics . London: MacMillan Press Ltd .

Toefl essay

China and his story is unrealistic. However, this is directly refuted by the teacher's claim that Marco Polo really did go on the trip to China as he said. To begin with, the reading suggests that all of the original accounts of his Journey is given in different language and version. It is written in Latin, Italy, and Old France but it contains all different details.The lecturer, however, contradicts this point by asserting that at first, when he was in Jail, his Jail fellow, which was romance novelist rote the first version in France, and Marco Polo later wrote own account in Italian, which is later translated in to Latin. Another point that article stresses is that Marco Polo fail to mention basic fact about China. He did not write about tea drinking or Great Wall. Also, he was unable to speak Chinese even though he lived In China for 17 years.On the other hand, the speaker asserts that he did not see common stuffs of China because he lived in different location. Mostly, Marco Polo lived in North, where tea was unable to see. For him, It was hard to see Great Wall cause it was not finished and separated In pieces. When Marco Polo left China the Great Wall was done. Thus, Kabuki Khan sent Persian Translator for Marco Polo, who was able to speak Persian.Therefore, he did not have to learn Chinese. Finally, the passage points out that Marco Polo's name Is not written In any of China's record. If he claim to know Kabuki Khan, who was the ruler, his name should be written In any of record. In contrast, this viewpoint Is rebutted by the lecturer's assertion that he was using Persian name. Also, he was not really Important enough to written In Chinese record. Toefl Essay TOEFL ESSAY RATING SCALE 6 An essay at this level – effectively addresses the writing task – is well organized and well developed – uses clearly appropriate details to support a thesis or illustrate ideas – displays consistent facility in the use of language – demonstrates syntactic variety and appropriate word choice 5 An essay at this level – may address some parts of the task more effectively than others – is generally well organized and developed – uses details to support a thesis or illustrate an idea – displays facility in use of the language – demonstrates some syntactic variety and range of vocabulary An essay at this level – addresses the writing task adequately but may slight parts of the task – is adequately organized and developed – use some details to support a thesis or illustrate an idea – demonstrate adequate but possibly inconsistent facility with syntax and usage â€⠀œ may contain some errors that occasionally obscure meaning CHECKING Content Is there a thesis statement or introduction? Is there a topic sentence for each paragraph? Are there supporting details for each topic statement? Is there conclusion? Clarity Are there run-on sentences or sentence fragments? Are there misplaced modifiers or dangling modifiers?Are the structures parallel? Are there transition words? Are the sentences and paragraphs cohesive? Punctuation and spelling Are the paragraphs indented? Are there punctuation marks such as periods at the end of each sentence? Do all sentences begin with capital letters? Are all words spelled correctly? General Writing Improvements Strategies 1. Writing is skill like playing tennis. You have to practice. There is a lot of extra work you can do on your own to help you become a better writer. Doing these activities, you’ll practice your writing, practice your penmanship, and practice forming opinions.To improve your writing, pay attention when you read. Notice how the author of your book organizes thoughts and expresses ideas. 4. Buy a notebook to record your thoughts and your writing. Don’t use this notebook for anything but writing practice. This notebook will be your private classroom. 5. Keep a journal. Record the events of a day. Tell what happened. Record what you think 6. When events happen, take notes. Later in the day reread your notes and turn them into sentences. Turn the sentences into paragraphs. 7. Write every day. Give yourself a gift of time.Spend five minutes a day writing, and do it faithfully everyday. Once a week, assign yourself a topic and write an essay in thirty minutes. 8. Go back over your writing frequently. The more you write, the better writer you will become. You may think of a better, or a different, way of expressing a thought. Use the blank page to experiment with different ways of expressing the same idea. 9. When you rewrite, imagine you are writing for a different audience. The first time you wrote for yourself. How would you change your writing if your friends were to read. Your teacher? Your mother? A stranger?Types of Essays There four essay types on the Computer-based TOEFL: |Agreeing or disagreeing |33% | |Stating a preference |34% | |Giving an explanation |22% | |Making an argument |11% |Identify the task If†¦ How†¦ In your opinion †¦ If you could change (something) what would you change? What is the best way to (do something)? What should be the main focus? Which of the following should you do? Which of the following is most important to you? What would you give to help someone? How would you do something? How would you do something/choose between two things? How will (something) affect (something else)? Describe †¦ Explain †¦ What do you consider most important: (list)? What have you learned by (doing something)? Why do you think (something happens)?What are the qualities of (something)? Choose an event and te ll why you enjoyed it. How ha (something) changed? Why is (something) important? How does (something) effect (something else)? How is (something) different? Some do this; others do that. Some say this; others say that. Which opinion do you agree with? In your opinion which is better? Which would you prefer? Would you prefer to†¦? Compare the advantages and disadvantages. Which is best for you? Compare these attitudes. How is (something) different from (another thing)? Stating your opinion Set phrases In my opinionAccording to me To my way of thinking In my view To me From my point of view It is my opinion that I believe I think It seems to me that It appears that To my mind In my opinion, university students must attend classes. According to me, one must change with the times. To me, there is nothing more important than good health. It is my opinion that one learns by example. It seems to me that a good neighbor is one who respects your privacy. It appears that all the informat ion one needs is available on computer. Verbs Agree Believe Guess Hope Imagine Infer Realize Suppose Think UnderstandAll in all All things considered Altogether As a rule Basically By and large Essentially For the most part Generally In general On the whole Overall All in all, it is better to learn from a teacher than on your own. As a rule, it is better for students to wear uniform to school. For the most part, countries are more alike than different. On the whole, higher education should be available for all. Adverbials Seemingly Conceivably Possibly Perhaps Maybe Probably Presumably Certainly Almost Doubtless No doubt Definitely Daily exercise definitely should be a part of every school day.Doubtless, helping a child to learn to read is important. Seemingly, playing games can teach us about life. Almost In a way More or less Practically So to speak For all intents an purposes To some extent Up to a point Adjectives Certain Convinced Positive Sure Time Before After Since Next Duri ng At the same time Then Always While Often Sometime Meanwhile Degree Most important Less important Basically First Second Subordinate Primarily Secondary Comparison and contrast To compare Similar to Correspondingly As Common in Similarly Resemble Just as Than Like, alike Almost the same asIn a like manner Also Either/or At the same time In the same way Neither/or To contrast differ from nevertheless more than although however even do unlike while yet otherwise different from in contrast to but still less than on the other hand instead Cause and effect So For this reason Since Thus As a result Due to Consequently Because, because of Although Explanation In other words As Such as To clarify Like For instance To explain That is To illustrate To paraphrase For example Namely Adding more information In addition moreover besides similarly furthermore also as well as what’s more

Symbols in to Kill a Mockingbird/Bless Me Ultima

Mockingbirds: The mockingbird is a symbol that is used to show the idea of innocence. A mockingbird brings nothing but good with its’ beautiful songs, so if you kill a mockingbird it is a sin because it is so innocent. Boo Radley is often connected to the mockingbird because he is innocent in his situation and it is wrong for people to assume bad things about him when they do not really know him, and he is slowly destroyed by the people of Maycomb throughout the book.The Mad Dog: Tim Johnson was a dog infected with rabies that needed to be put down. The dog is a symbol of racism in the novel. Racism is getting out of control (just like the dog), and it needs to be put to a stop. Atticus shoots the dog to put him down but racism is a harder challenge to try and defeat. Atticus has to do things he doesn’t want to, like killing a dog and facing the court room. Bless Me Ultima: Rudolfo Anaya Ultima’s Owl: Ultima’s owl represents Ultima’s life in animal form. Related article: Arguments Made in Take the Tortillas Out of Your PoetryThe owl that sings to Antonio every night comforts him during his dreams. This is just like how whenever Ultima is around Antonio he feels at ease. When Tenorio kills the owl, Ultima soon dies after because her animal force was killed. The Virgin of Guadalupe: The statue in this novel represents forgiveness and understanding. Whenever Antonio feels troubled he turns to the statue. The statue accepts Antonios failures and always forgives.

Tennessee Williams Essays - English-language Films, Free Essays

Tennessee Williams Essays - English-language Films, Free Essays Tennessee Williams The playwright, Tennessee Williams, allows the main characters in the plays A Streetcar Named Desire and The Glass Menagerie to live miserable lives which they try to deny and later change. The downfall and denial of the Southern gentlewoman is a common theme in both plays. The characters, Blanche from A.S.N.D. and Amanda from T.G.M., are prime examples of this concept. Both Blanche and Amanda have had many struggles in their lives and go through even more through out the rest of the plays. The problem is that Williams never lets the two women work through and move on from these problems. The two ladies are allowed to destroy themselves and he invites us to watch them in the process(Stine and Marowski 474). The downfall, denial, and need to change of the two women is quite evident in these two plays. First the troubles of Blanche and Amanda need to be recognized. Blanche hides her drinking problem so well when she arrives and sneaks a shot of whiskey (William A Streetcar Named Desire, ,Scene1. Page 18. Lines 12-17) that when she is later offered a drink, she acts as though she has no idea where they keep them (Williams, A.S.N.D. 1.19.12-15). Amanda cannot accept that no gentlemen callers are coming for Laura,herdaughter, thus making it harder for Laura to accept it (Williams,The Glass Menagerie, 1.28.1-5). Blanche and Amanda both do not allow themselves to accept their problems and work them out. They deny these problems which feeds them making them larger and even more complicated. When Stella offered Blanche a second drink she stated, ?One?s my limit.? (Williams, A.S.N.D., 1.21.14-15) Blanche is very ?self-destructive? (Hassan 326). She is her own worst enemy because of how she handles her problems. Amanda comments at the end of the play that Tom shouldn?t think about his poor mother and sister in a very sarcastic way (Williams, T.G.M., 9.114.1-3). She tries to push her problems off on him and not deal with them herself. By pushing the blame off on Tom, she feels as though she did nothing wrong and it is everyone else?s fault. If the two women had just accepted that they were at fault too and not just everyone else they could have moved on with their lives. Both Blanche and Amanda?s biggest problem is that they deny the truth. Blanche denies her drinking problem. She also denies the fact that she was a prostitute. She even made such an unbelievable comment that, ?I take for granted that you still have sufficient memeory of Belle Reve to find this place and these poker players impossible to live with.? (Williams, A.S.N.D., 4.70.1-3) She denies that she ever sunk lower than Stella when in truth, she was much worse. She was the one who lost her job for sleeping with a seventeen year old and was kicked out of the town for being a slut by the mayor. She had the gall to lecture Stella on her choice of men. ?You can?t have forgotten that much of our up bringing, Stella, that you just suppose that any part of a gentlemen in his nature!? (Williams, A.S.N.D., 4.71.13-18) Blanche speaks to Stella as though it is absolutely terrible that she married Stanley, of all people, when she slept with more people than she could even remember. She shows the ?do as I say, not as I do? philosophy while though at first, Stella is not even aware of her sister?s past. Amanda on the other hand, just shrinks poor Laura?s self-esteem and confidence more than it already is by bragging about how she had seventeen gentlemen callers over one evening when she was Laura?s age. Amanda also refers to her husband?s leaving her and her childeren as, ?he fell in love with long distances...? (Williams, T.G.M., 1.23.28). She sannot admit the truth that he just left them. She cannot even admit to herself that Laura is crippled, she only refers to her as different. Also, when Amanda looks back at her past, she tends to only remember the good things that happened. She has blocked out the things that she did not enjoy and has exaggerated the past to an extent. At one point

What We Know About Dinosaur Life Spans

What We Know About Dinosaur Life Spans The bleached skeleton of a hundred-million-year-old Deinonychus can tell us a lot about what this dinosaur ate, how it ran, and even how it interacted with others of its kind, but not much about how long it lived before dropping dead of old age. The fact is, estimating the lifespan of the average sauropod or tyrannosaur involves drawing upon numerous strands of evidence, including analogies with modern reptiles, birds and mammals, theories about dinosaur growth and metabolism, and (preferably) direct analysis of the pertinent fossilized dinosaur bones. Before anything else, of course, it helps to determine the cause of death of any given dinosaur. Given the locations of certain fossils, paleontologists can often figure out if the unlucky individuals were buried by avalanches, drowned in floods, or smothered by sandstorms; also, the presence of bite marks in solid bone is a good indication that the dinosaur was killed by predators (though it’s also possible that the corpse was scavenged after the dinosaur had died of natural causes, or that the dinosaur had recovered from a previously inflicted injury). If a specimen can be conclusively identified as a juvenile, then death by old age is ruled out, though not death by disease (and we still know very little about the diseases that afflicted dinosaurs). Dinosaur Life Spans: Reasoning by Analogy Part of the reason researchers are so interested in dinosaur lifespans is that modern-day reptiles are some of the longest-lived animals on the earth: giant tortoises can live for over 150 years, and even crocodiles and alligators can survive well into their sixties and seventies. Even more tantalizingly, some species of birds, which are the direct descendants of dinosaurs, also have long lifespans. Swans and turkey buzzards can live for over 100 years, and small parrots often outlive their human owners. With the exception of humans, who can live for over 100 years, mammals post relatively undistinguished numbers, about 70 years for an elephant and  40 years for a chimpanzee, and the longest-lived fish and amphibians top out at 50 or 60 years. One shouldnt rush to conclude that just because some of the relatives and descendants of dinosaurs regularly hit the century mark, dinosaurs must have had long life spans as well. Part of the reason a giant tortoise can live so long is that it has an extremely slow metabolism; its a matter of debate whether all dinosaurs were equally cold-blooded. Also, with some important exceptions (such as parrots), smaller animals tend to have shorter lifespans, so the average 25-pound Velociraptor might have been lucky to live beyond a decade or so. Conversely, larger creatures tend to have longer lifespans, but just because a Diplodocus was 10 times bigger than an elephant doesn’t necessarily mean it lived ten times (or even twice) as long. Dinosaur Life Spans: Reasoning by Metabolism The metabolism of dinosaurs is still a matter of ongoing dispute, but lately, some paleontologists have advanced a convincing argument that the largest herbivores, including sauropods, titanosaurs, and hadrosaurs, achieved homeothermy, that is, they warmed up slowly in the sun and cooled down equally slowly at night, maintaining a near-constant internal temperature. Since homeothermy is consistent with a cold-blooded metabolism, and since a fully warm-blooded (in the modern sense) Apatosaurus would have cooked itself from the inside out like a giant potato, a lifespan of 300 years seems within the realm of possibility for these dinosaurs. What about smaller dinosaurs? Here the arguments are murkier, and complicated by the fact that even small, warm-blooded animals (like parrots) can have long life spans. Most experts believe that the life spans of smaller herbivorous and carnivorous dinosaurs were directly proportional to their size, for example, the chicken-sized Compsognathus might have lived for five or 10 years, while a much bigger Allosaurus might have topped out at 50 or 60 years. However, if it can be conclusively proved that any given dinosaur was warm-blooded, cold-blooded, or something in between, these estimates would be subject to change. Dinosaur Life Spans: Reasoning by Bone Growth You might think that an analysis of actual dinosaur bones would help clear up the issue of how fast dinosaurs grew and how long they lived, but frustratingly, this isnt the case. As the biologist, R.E.H. Reid writes in The Complete Dinosaur, [bone] growth was often continuous, as in mammals and birds, but sometimes periodic, as in reptiles, with some dinosaurs following both styles in different parts of their skeletons. Also, to establish rates of bone growth, paleontologists need access to multiple specimens of the same dinosaur, at different growth stages, which is often an impossibility given the vagaries of the fossil record. What it all boils down to is this: some dinosaurs, such as the duck-billed Hypacrosaurus, grew at phenomenal rates, reaching adult sizes of a few tons in a mere dozen or so years (presumably, this accelerated rate of growth reduced the juveniles window of vulnerability to predators). The trouble is, everything we know about cold-blooded metabolism is inconsistent with this pace of growth, which may well mean that Hypacrosaurus in particular (and large, herbivorous dinosaurs in general) had a type of warm-blooded metabolism, and thus maximum life spans well below the 300 years ventured above. By the same token, other dinosaurs seem to have grown more like crocodiles and less like mammals, at a slow and steady pace, without the accelerated curve seen during infancy and adolescence. Sarcosuchus, the 15-ton crocodile better known as the SuperCroc, probably took about 35 or 40 years to reach adult size, and then continued growing slowly for as long as it lived. If sauropods followed this pattern, that would point to a cold-blooded metabolism, and their estimated life spans would once again edge up toward the multiple-century mark. So what can we conclude? Clearly, until we establish more details about the metabolism and growth rates of various species, any serious estimates of dinosaur lifespans have to be taken with a gigantic grain of prehistoric salt!

Oedipus The King Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oedipus The King - Essay Example King Laius and Jocasta of Thebes tried to avoid the dreadful prophecy’s fulfillment by ordering to kill Oedipus soon after his birth, but their servant saves the child and he grows up as the foster son on Polybus of Corinth and his wife Merope. Without having any clue on his real identity, Oedipus comes across the dreadful prophecy regarding himself and tries to run away from his fate, thinking that Polybus and Merope were his real parents. In fact, he runs into his fate as he kills Laius on his way, solves the riddles of the sphinx that had a curse on Thebes and becomes its King. He has to marry the widowed the Jocasta and in turn have children in her. The truth is hidden from him until Thebes is accursed once again and he conducts an investigation to find out the cause for it. Once the truth is revealed to Oedipus, he is a shattered man, realizing his frailty as a mere human being out of control with slightest element of his destiny. His painful cry reveals his state of mind prior to his self-inflicted punishment: Upon the news of Jocasta’s suicide, Oedipus blinds himself with her brooches. He does not try to escape from his destiny any more. He decides to suffer for his the sins he had committed unknowingly. This is a sign of complete submission to destiny, much in the fashion of the Shakespearean King Lear. IN his suffering, he laments: The life of Oedipus exposes the innate weakness of human heart on the face of an all-consuming destiny. The play has strong psychoanalytic undertones with regard to the incestuous libidinal urges from which human beings have to run away, under the socio-cultural pressures. On a boarder level, the notion that human life is essentially predetermined and there are limitations to which anyone can alter his life contributes the basic motives of the play. The protagonist and the people associated with him feared the worst even as they tried to avoid the

An inevitable task of being social Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

An inevitable task of being social - Essay Example When I had to mingle and put up with these new people, I felt kind of exasperated. I knew it was something that I had to do, but I would rather have gone off with people that I knew and were familiar with. Due to these thoughts running through my head, I knew that I was a little less than friendly towards those that were trying to make acquaintances. Some of the people that I meet are a little too overenthusiastic, and it quickly becomes unbearable to spend more than enough time with them. This event sticks in my mind because I know that I did not make a good first impression with everyone and I still feel guilty about that. I am not comfortable with dealing with so many people at one given time, and I know that this showed during that specific moment. I did not feel too positive about the outcome of what took place; on the contrary, the events of the day kept coming back to mind, making me feel increasingly uncomfortable about the whole ordeal. Though this was in regards to how I ac ted, and not about the fact that I do not always like mass social situations. I always feel that there is one person too many, and it is that person that will test my nerves the most. After all had been said and poorly done, I took the time to fully consider the situation I had repeatedly put myself in that day. The bad aspects of the day had involved my negative attitude towards those that had taken to me with a more positive approach; my less-than-polite responses did very little to help how others viewed me.

Persuasive speech on child sex abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Persuasive speech on child sex abuse - Essay Example The immediate impact could be adverse, but in the long run, the future of these children is put into test especially the kind of adult people they become. III. National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) in 2007 reported that of all the cases confirmed or substantiated as either child neglect or abuse, 9.3 percent of them were related to sexual abuse (â€Å"The national centre for victims of crime† web). These figures translated to a total of 83,800 victims in that year alone. This is a worrying trend in the modern world, despite reports indicating of a declining trend in this problem. This number represents a high number of children who have to suffer for no cause under the arms of people who are supposed to be offering them protection and love. Such reality should raise alarm to all of us since at one particular time we will be parents in case we are not are already. None of us I am sure would want their children to suffer sexual abuse or molestation. IV. Thesis Statement: due to the numerous negative effects associated with child abuse, there is needed to implement laws that will ensure that children are treated properly without worry. First I will discuss the effects of child sexual abuse, followed by proposed solutions to the problem, which would be focused on promoting good treatment among the children. Finally, I will share on the various benefits associated with adopting laws meant to oversee proper treatment of children in the society. I. Disturbing figures indicate that 1.6% or 16 out of every one thousand children suffer from rape cases, as reported by the Bureau of Justice Statics report. Annually, close to 16% of the youth in the United States are sexually abused. Results from different studies in 1986, 2000, 2002 and 2005 reveals similar results that 63% of women who had suffered sexual abuse by a family member also reported to have been

Art Museums: Issues in Profits, Acquisition and Ethics

Art Museums: Issues in Profits, Acquisition and Ethics Acquisition, Ethics, and Profit in the Art World What happens in the art world affects all parts of it, from the most well endowed museum to the myriad lesser-known and unknown galleries that try to eke out a living. This paper will examine the ways in which museums have weathered the vagaries of the market over the past few decades, including not-for-profit institutions as well as the for-profit sector, including the gray area in which the two—rarely—meet. The unifying factor, as this paper will show, is the reputation of the institution. The reputation of any building that houses works of art is a priceless commodity, whether it is a huge institution of international reputation, or a small but well-respected gallery with equally high standards of decorum and ethics. To maintain that reputation at all costs is of vital importance if an institution is to survive and remain a respected part of the art community. Ethics, Profit and Culture in Museums The role of museums in contemporary society has changed in the last several decades; still considered essential to society as both reflection and mirror, museums have found themselves floundering for financial support as never before. To continue to thrive—often just to survive—they have had to adapt to meet the new demands of a multicultural world, while at the same time maintaining their respected status. Traditionally seen as temples for the muses, todays museums are being challenged to be ethical for society and to build their reputation (Wood Rentschler, 2003). Traditionally, museums throughout the Western world have supported themselves in a variety of ways, most of which are dependent on cultural travel and funding sources. Admission receipts and gift-shop sales form part of their income. Donations from the government and from private and other funding sources supplement that. In recent years, however, cultural tourism rates have dropped, and additional funding from government and private sources has dwindled, leaving budgetary needs unmet. To stay afloat, museums have had to adapt and change with the times. They have done, and continue to do this, in a number of ways. Among these ways, unfortunately, have been activities that have raised eyebrows in the art world, and questions about acquisition, ethics, and profit have come to the fore. Importance of Reputation As institutions which house the priceless treasures and artifacts of our cultural pasts, museums are generally held in high regard. Among smaller galleries, there is also a hierarchy, primarily based on integrity and fair dealings with artists and with each other. For the larger institutions, though, in order to maintain this regard, they are expected to adhere to a higher standard. This expectation is so deeply ingrained that it seems at times a given: museums are considered bastions of artistic culture and historical identity. They are institutions which foster intellectual growth and which exercise discriminating taste and ethical behavior in building and maintaining their collections. Regardless of the exhibition or programme concepts, notes Edson, there are qualities and initiatives that are fundamental to museums, such as intellectual honesty, promotion of critical thinking, enhancement of open-mindedness and the sensitizing of visitors to the commonwealth of humankind (2001: p. 43). This is a tall order to uphold—and one which is under constant scrutiny. What happens when these hallowed institutions fall upon financial hardship? They adapt. The ways in which they adapt may change our preconceived notions of what a museum should be. For example, the concept of blockbuster exhibits in the eighties was considered unacceptable to some. This blatant advertising to sell art—in essence, sell culture, seemed a betrayal of the highest standards, a mockery of itself. It forced many to reconfigure commonly held notions about the institutions themselves. In his memoirs, art critic Richard Feigen echoes what many felt at the time: As museums began to commercialize, to adapt to 1970s inflation, exhibitions also veered away from an emphasis on scholarship toward a preoccupation with box office (2000: 137). The very words box office, in such close proximity to scholarship and museums, would have seemed quite jarring at the time. Yet, since then, we have grown more accustomed—albeit gradually—to the concept of art-for-profit. After all, someone has got to pay for the acquisitions and maintenance of cultural artifacts. If the funding is not forthcoming, museums have had to choose whether to close up their doors and die out like an obsolete breed, or to reinvent themselves in ways they deem acceptable. Having for the most part chosen the latter, museums have had to become more aggressive in pursuit of the funds necessary to at least survive, and hopefully to flourish. This has necessarily caused their patrons to reassess and re-evaluate as well. Just as museum definitions have changed, so too has our understanding of museum ethics explain Wood and Rentschler (2003). It has also forced us to understand the roles of the individuals who run these institutions, as Feigen concedes: In this new era of museology, he writes, a directors success has come to be measured by the crowds he attracts, the funds he raises, the buildings he builds, and how effectively he can dodge political cross fire (2000: 109). A major issue which has sprung from this process of adaptation is the need to maintain an impeccable reputation in the process. The last few decades have been a period of just that, as the concept of the museum—and the actual institutions themselves—have evolved to meet the needs of the people they serve: the patrons. Todays museums are called upon to offer an enhanced experience in an appropriately comfortable environment, one that instills a sense of cultural pride as well as challenge. In so doing, Edson writes: The museum by facilitating that experience serves the individual and the host community to the fullest extent of the concept of public service (Edson, 2001: p. 44). In order to do this, however, the reputation of the museum must remain intact; this means that decisions about affiliations with those outside the museum itself must be absolutely circumspect. And this, in recent years, is where museums have been coming under fire. The Staff The staff of a museum—from curators to custodians—forms the backbone of day-to-day operations. Considered in that light, the actions of staff members may be seen as a reflection on the museum itself. This is something that pertains to all levels of staffing. The security personnel who are responsible for safeguarding national treasures may not be accorded the highest prestige in society, but the importance of their roles should never be played down. A disturbance that distracts even a single security staff member from absolute vigilance can potentially set off a series of events that may lead to loss through damage or theft. And there are several known instances in which the roles of security personnel have been key in allowing unauthorised access to works of art: that they would willingly allow this is untenable, but not inexplicable. Monetary pressures mount, and outside influences can be very persuasive. Arts organisations cannot think that their people will be immune to these pressures assert Wood and Rentschler (2003). They advise that clearly stated ethical practices be a part of every organisation to avoid this very thing. They must be part of the training program, and they must be reviewed and reinforced on a regular basis to maintain both morale and loyalty. Failure to do so can have irrevocably damaging results: If temptation is not resisted, it can compromise the values for which the organisation stands and irrevocabl y damage the reputation that it may have worked for years to create (Wood Rentschler, 2003). These practices must apply to all levels of museum staff, not just those who can provide immediate access. What about those in positions further up in the hierarchy, who have just as much access as well as additional access and power? Their actions must at all times be in accordance with museum policy; in addition, they must adhere to the law—local, national, and international. This is particularly important when it comes to acquisition of properties whose histories may be questionable. To knowingly—or unknowingly—acquire stolen property is anathema, however authentic a piece may be. Any irregularities regarding provenance are a red flag, since a single lapse in judgment can cost a museum its cultural standing as well as its profitability. Alan Shestock, Director of the Museum of Fine Arts Boston, explains that museum curators are acquirers. . . . Most of us go into the profession because the desire to accumulate and bring together objects of quality is in our blood. We are personally and professionally devoted to adding to and improving our holdings . . . (Shestock, 1989: 97–98). This kind of passion, paired with the need to keep ones collection top-rate, can cause considerable angst. To know that a particular, highly coveted item is authentic is an exciting enough discovery for a museum professional. To know, furthermore, or to merely suspect, that its origins may be less-than-circumspect, means that this object cannot become a part of the museums holdings. This is not an easy thing to do. Explains Shestock: To consciously or intentionally turn down a highly desirable object we can afford to buy on the basis that we suspect that it might have been removed illegally from its country of origin—and also k nowing that it will end up in the collection of a rival institution or an unscrupulous private collector is a very hard thing to do (1989: 97–98). Edson and Dean point out several situations in which the circumstances may lead to ethically questionable behaviors. First, there are curators whose job responsibilities include researching and writing about the objects in their collections. Curators hired to research and interpret the collection in their care sometimes regard the notes and associated materials that result from this work as their personal property, regardless of the museums ownership of the actual collections objects (Edson Dean, 1994: p. 235). If the funding for this research is solely supplied by the institution, all rights would seem to revert to the museum. However, it is seldom this straightforward, as personal research may be involved as well. The situation becomes further complicated when international objects are involved, as there are several sets of law which much be adhered to in order to maintain high ethical standards. There are other, even more controversial situations, however, many of which result in unavoidable conflicts of interest. With whom should ones loyalty lie? According to Edson and Dean, in the case of curators, loyalty must be first to the institution; to avoid having to resolve the issue, they suggest judicious discrimination in selection of any extracurricular pastimes: activities that conflict with this loyalty or cause curators to favor outside or personal interests over those of their institutions must be avoided (1994: 232). What of gifts that are made directly to a museum professional? This can be confusing, since gifts can cover a range of services. A professional who would never under any circumstance accept a costly creation of artistic work may think nothing at all of accepting other favors, such as discounts. But these, too, must be avoided, and ultimately rejected. Finally, since it is commonly accepted that most individuals do not go into the arts for its lucrative remuneration, there may come times when it is necessary for museum personnel to supplement their incomes with additional paying work. This is particularly complex in cases in which higher-level museum professionals, such as curators, moonlight, or do additional evening or weekend work for pay. Such specialized types of work may bring them into contact with numerous opportunities for temptation, all of which are to be turned down to maintain propriety. Even a distant association with parties who are entangled with any kind of illegal trade can taint that professionals reputation, and therefore the museum itself. And cases like this are more common than most would like to admit—not to mention far-reaching: the illicit traffic in cultural property is, like narcotics, an international problem (Herscher, 1989: p. 118). Art for Profit In their article, Show Me the Monet, Steve Friess and Peter Plagens broach a subject which continues to be a point of contention in the art world. They discuss an agreement between the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston and the new Bellagio in Las Vegas, Nevada. According to the agreement, the Boston museum would lend a number of Monets to the Bellagio—for a fee. The tradition of extending loans to one another is long-standing among museums, large and small. The agreement to do so for cash, is less common. Among the loftier institutions, it is practically unheard of. Lending art works for set sums of money puts a new twist on the issue. In return for the loan of Monets, the Bellagio agreed to pay the Museum of Fine Arts a hefty some—at least one million dollars. The traditional cashless quid pro quo for lending art to other museums—OK, well lend you our Picasso if we can borrow your Matisse—had been augmented by lending fees (Friess and Plagens, 2004). This calls into question a number of issues, the most pressing of which seems to be, where does one draw the line? If items which are part of a museums permanent collection are accorded dollar values and made available for that price, can anyone with appropriate funds borrow them? What will this do to the reputations, not only of the museums that engage in this, but to the works of art themselves, and to the notion of cultural heritage in general? Ethics, Profit, and Culture in Dealership In a similar vein, private art dealers have had problems of a slightly different nature over the past few decades. Contemporary notions of an art dealer tend to be unkind. Less-than-savory deals, sly cash transactions, cagy tax evasion: these are what come to mind before the subject of art comes into focus. Art critic Peter Schjeldahl puts it succinctly in his article on art dealership in New York, in which he asserts that popular opinion sees the gallery owner as a stock figure of slinky charlatanry, or worse (2004). Because of this, it is with no small amount of glee that people welcome gossipy tidbits about high-society art dealers being brought down in shady, six-figure stings. People savor the cynical rush of discovering garden-variety greed behind a pose of lofty, intimidating sophistication notes Schjeldahl (2004). But, Schjeldahl points out, no matter what one thinks of an art dealers character, one thing remains constant: good taste. Without it, all the pretension means nothing. In addition, there is a hierarchy among the smaller circle of individual galleries that are also part of the art world. Judging by her record of accomplishment and her reputation in the art world, Marian Goodman seems to embody the highest of standards. First of all, when it comes to discrimination and taste, Goodman seems to have an abundance of both. The reputation of a dealer is of great importance in the art world, despite popular conceptions. Goodman, too, has had to weather the storms of changing times, just as larger, loftier museums have had to do, and she, too, has survived. Among her contemporaries, however, Goodman commands a high level of respect for refusing to follow trends and continuing to maintain her own exemplary standards. She employs what some see as old-fashioned standards in both her selection of gallery site and her selection of artists. For example, her gallery is still located in Manhattan, New York City, despite the mass exodus of galleries to outer boroughs of the metropolis. Furthermore, she has steadfastly remained in the pricier part of Manhattan, in the heart of the theatre district, in the mid-fifties. In his New Yorker article, art critic Peter Schjeldahl explains that Goodman could very easily save money and gain vastly more visibility by relocating to Chelsea . . . (2004, p. 36). However, Goodman refuses to budge, preferring instead the uniqueness of her own more expensive showplace to the identical hives of lower Manhattan. Of course, as a private dealer, she is free of the pressures of a committee of trustees and similar directives. Conclusion The art world is at once a seemingly small and insular community on the one hand, and a global community of vast proportions on the other. What happens in this world affects all parts of it, from the most well endowed museum to the lesser-known private galleries. This paper has attempted to examine how both the not-for-profit and for-profit sectors have managed to survive in the last several decades, adapting to best meet the needs of their patrons while maintaining the integrity and values they hold dear. One thing that is undeniable is reputation: To maintain that reputation at all costs is of vital importance if an institution is to survive and remain a respected part of the art community. Edson and Dean have noted that Objects communicate far beyond the walls of the museum in which they are housed. They influence the appreciation and appearance of objects of everyday use, and the level of respect and understanding for the personal and collective natural and cultural heritage of a people or nation (Edson, 1996, p. 7). The reputation of any building that houses works of art is a priceless commodity, whether it is a huge institution of international reputation, or a small but well-respected gallery with equally high standards of decorum and ethics. The slightest hint of a breach in ethical standards is enough to shake the very foundation of an institution; if the breach itself is, in fact, made known to be fact, it is highly unlikely that it will every regain its former stature, nor command the same level of respect. References Edson, Gary. 2001. Socioexhibitry as Popular Communication. Museum International: July 2001, Vol. 53, Iss. 3, pp. 40–44. Edson, Gary and Dean, David. 1994. The Handbook for Museums. London: Routledge. Feigen, Richard. 2000. Tales from the Art Crypt: The Painters, the Museums, the Curators, the Collectors, the Auctions, the Art. New York: Knopf. Friess, Steve, and Plagens, Peter. 2004. Show Me the Monet. Newsweek. New York, Vol. 143, Iss. 4, p. 60. Herscher, Ellen. 1989. International Control Efforts: Are There Any Good Solutions? In Messenger, P., ed. The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, pp. 117–128. Messenger, Phyllis, ed. 1989. The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. Schjeldahl, Peter. 2004. Dealership: Onward and Upward With the Arts. The New Yorker. New York: Feb. 2, 2004, p. 36. Shestock, Alan. 1989. The Museum and Cultural Property: The Transformation of Institutional Ethics. In Messenger, P., ed. The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, pp. 93– 102. Wood,Greg, and Rentschler, Ruth. 2003. Ethical behaviour: The Means for Creating and Maintaining Better Reputations in Arts Organisations. Management Decision. London: 2003.Vol. 41, Iss. 5/6, p.528-537.